Table 3.
Multilevel models
| Empty model | Community-level model | Final adjusted model | Gender-stratified models* | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boys | Girls | ||||
| Community-level variables | |||||
| Social capital (main exposure) | |||||
| Low | 0.98 (0.86 to 1.23) | 0.84 (0.72 to 0.98) | 0.93 (0.74 to 1.18) | 0.77 (0.62 to 0.94) | |
| Medium | 0.99 (0.86 to 1.14) | 0.88 (0.75 to 1.03) | 1.01 (0.80 to 1.29) | 0.78 (0.63 to 0.96) | |
| High | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
| Street connectivity | |||||
| Low | 1.19 (1.04 to 1.35) | 1.10 (0.96 to 1.27) | 1.13 (0.91 to 1.40) | 1.03 (0.85 to 1.25) | |
| Medium | 1.21 (0.99 to 1.26) | 1.04 (0.91 to 1.18) | 0.99 (0.81 to 1.21) | 1.06(0.89 to 1.27) | |
| High | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
| SES | |||||
| Low | 1.01 (0.88 to 1.16) | – | – | – | |
| Medium | 0.99 (0.88 to 1.14) | – | – | – | |
| High | Reference | – | – | – | |
| Individual-level variables | |||||
| Age (years) | 0.86 (0.80 to 0.92) | 0.85 (0.78 to 0.94) | 0.86 (0.78 to 0.94) | ||
| Gender | |||||
| Male | 1.37 (1.23 to 1.54) | – | – | ||
| Female | Reference | – | – | ||
| Individual social capital | |||||
| Low | 1.04 (0.92 to 1.19) | 0.94 (0.78 to 1.13) | 1.16 (0.97 to 1.39) | ||
| Medium | 0.88 (0.78 to 1.01) | 0.82 (0.68 to 0.98) | 0.96 (0.80 to 1.47) | ||
| High | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||
| Number of risk behaviours | 1.35 (1.29 to 1.41)† | 1.43 (1.35 to 1.52) | 1.27 (1.19 to 1.34) | ||
| Family affluence | |||||
| Low | 1.23 (1.003 to 1.47)‡ | 1.18 (0.91 to 1.53) | 1.28 (1.01 to 1.63) | ||
| Medium | 1.13 (1.01 to 1.26) | 1.00 (0.85 to 1.18) | 1.26 (1.09 to 1.47) | ||
| High | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||
| Number of siblings | |||||
| More than one | 0.88 (0.74 to 1.04) | 0.86 (0.68 to 1.10) | 0.89 (0.71 to 1.40) | ||
| One | 1.02 (0.89 to 1.17) | 1.05 (0.86 to 1.28) | 0.99 (0.82 to 1.20) | ||
| None | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||
| Negative peer influence | 1.04 (1.02 to 1.06) | 1.03 (1.01 to 1.05) | 1.05 (1.02 to 1.08) | ||
| Random effects | |||||
| ICC | |||||
| 2% | 2% | 1.2% | 0.5% | 1.7% | |
| MOR | |||||
| 1.21 | 1.25 | 1.20 | 1.14 | 1.26 | |
| 80% IOR (lower-upper) | |||||
| – | 0.65 to 1.48 | 0.59–1.33 | 0.66–1.17 | 0.60–1.45 | |
*p value for the interaction term between gender and community social capital=0.043.
†p value for the interaction term between risk behaviours and community social capital=0.58.
‡p value for the interaction term between family affluence and community social capital=0.24.
ICC, interclass correlation coefficient; IOR, interval OR; MOR, median OR;