TABLE 3.
Summary of research studies that tested red raspberries in models of CVD1
| Results |
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| Source (reference) | Model (study type) | Study details | Treatment | Risk factors/biomarkers | Oxidative stress biomarkers | Inflammation Biomarkers |
| Torres-Urrutia (113) | Assay (in vitro) | Assessed antithrombotic activity of extracts from 19 fruits, including red raspberry and 26 vegetables. Outcomes: in vitro clotting and fibrin clot lysis times. | 1 g raspberry extract/L | Antithrombotic activity: ↑APTT, ↑fibrinolysis, ↔PT, ↔dPT, ↔TT | ||
| Mullen (114) | Aorta rings (in vitro) | Extracts of Glen Ample raspberries, including HPLC fractions of ellagitannins, vitamin C, and anthocyanins. Outcomes: Vasodilation activity using rabbit aortic rings. | Raspberry extract and fractions of extracts | Endothelial function: ↑Vasodilation specific to sanguiin H-6 and lambertianin C | ||
| Suh (115) | Atherogenic hamsters (animal) | Syrian hamsters fed an atherogenic high-fat, high-cholesterol diet with raspberry juice or water for 12 wk. The 3 varieties of red raspberry juice tested were Cardinal, Glen Ample, and Tulameen. Anthocyanin and ellagitannin concentrations were 218–305 μg/mL and 45–72 μg/mL, respectively. Outcomes: cardiac and aortic production of antioxidant enzymes, blood lipids, and BW. | 12 wk of 0 or 1 of 3 raspberry varieties | ↓TG variety-specific effects on ↓TC, ↓LDL-C, ↑HDL-C, and ↓BW | ↓Oxidative stress aorta, ↓ROS, ↑hepatic GPx; variety-specific effects on POX and SOD | |
| Jia (116) | SHRs and NHRs (animal) | SHRs or age-matched male NHRs fed Xinjiang red raspberry fruit EER. Three groups: water or 100 or 200 mg/(kg × d) EER via gastric gavage daily for 5 wk. Outcomes: SBP, oxidative stress, and vascular relaxation markers. | 5 wk of 0, 100, or 200 mg raspberry extract/(kg·d) | ↓BP ↓ET, ↑NO; raspberry extract also effective in NHRs on ET and NO | ↓Oxidative stress, ↓MDA, ↑SOD; raspberry extract also effective in NHR on MDA and SOD | |
| Pieszka (117) | Rats (animal) | Male Wistar rats, gavaged daily for 5 wk with seed oils from raspberries, strawberries, and rapeseeds. Outcomes: changes in blood lipid profiles and their effects on selected parameters of oxidative status. | 5 wk of 0.8 mL raspberry seed oil/d | ↔TG, ↔ TC, ↔LDL-C, ↔HDL-C | ↓SOD, ↓GPx | |
| Freese (118) | Humans: healthy (human intervention) | Randomized control trial. Healthy male and female subjects (n = 77, 19–52 y). Additional 19 healthy controls. Four strictly controlled isocaloric experimental diets containing either 810 or 196 g/10 MJ vegetables, berries, and apple plus either linoleic acid or oleic acid (11–12% of energy, respectively) for 6 wk. Outcomes: markers of platelet function and inflammation. | 6 wk of frozen raspberry fruit as part of experimental diet plan | Anti-thrombotic activity: ↔platelet activation, ↔aggregation assay (ADP) ↔PKC, ↔P-selectin | ↔ICAM-1, ↔CRP,↔Thx-b2, ↔aPL-Ab | |
| Puupponen-Pimiä (119) | Humans: MetS (human intervention) | Mixture of berries tested in subjects with MetS (n = 20) or controls (n = 12). Berry mixture was 100 g of red raspberries, cloudberries, and strawberries that provided ∼71 mg anthocyanins/d and ∼789 mg ellagitannins/d. Study conducted for 16 wk: 4-wk run-in, 8 wk of berries, and 4-wk washout. Outcomes: serum lipid profiles, BP, gut microbiota, and ellagitannin metabolites. | 16 wk of 0 or 300 g of mixed berries (100 g of raspberries) | ↔BP, ↔TC, ↔TG, ↔LDL-C, ↔HDL-C | ↔Oxidative stress | |
Studies are ordered according to study type (in vitro, n = 2; animal, n = 3; human, n = 2). APTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; aPL-Ab, antiphospholipid antibody; BP, blood pressure; BW, body weight; CRP, C-reactive protein; dPT, diluted prothrombin time; EER, ethyl acetate extract; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; ET, plasma endothelin; HDL-C, HDL cholesterol; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1; LDL-C, LDL cholesterol; MDA, malondialdehyde; MetS, metabolic syndrome; NHR, normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats; POX, paraoxonase; PT, prothrombin time; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SHR, spontaneously hypertensive rat; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TC, total cholesterol; Thx-b2, 2,3-dinor-thromboxane B-2; TT, thrombin time; ↓, decreased; ↑, increased; ↔, no effect.