TABLE 6.
Summary of research studies that tested polyphenolic components of red raspberries in models of obesity1
| Results |
||||||
| Source (reference) | Model (study type) | Study details | Treatment | Insulin | Glucose | Other |
| Park (144) | Adipocytes (in vitro) | Elucidated a possible mechanism for the antiobesity action of raspberry ketones in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Outcomes: expression and the secretion of adiponectin, lipolysis, and fatty acid oxidation. | 10 μM raspberry ketones | ↑Adiponectin, ↑fatty acid, oxidation, ↓lipid accumulation | ||
| Park (145) | Adipocytes (in vitro) | Elucidates a possible mechanism for antiobese actions of raspberry ketones in 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated from days 2 to 8 of differentiation and mature adipocytes for 24 h on day 12 with different doses of raspberry ketone. Outcomes: expression of adipogenic and lipogenic gene expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. | 1,10, 20, or 50 μM raspberry ketones | ↓Dose-dependent adipocyte differentiation, ↓lipid accumulation | ||
| Dose- and stage-specific effects: ↓PPARγ, ↓C/EBPα, ↓aP2, ↓FASN, ↓ACC1, ↓SCD1 | ||||||
| Mature cells: ↑ ATGL, ↑HSL, ↑CPT1B | ||||||
| Morimoto (146) | Mice (animal) | Raspberry ketones on obesity and lipid metabolism. Two interventions: 1) Mice were fed an HFD that included 0.5%, 1%, or 2% raspberry ketone for 10 wk; 2) mice were fed a HFD for 6 wk followed by HFD + 1% raspberry ketones for another 5 wk.Outcomes: BW, liver and adipose tissue weight, hepatic triacylglycerol content, NE-induced lipolysis, HSL, and translocation. | HFD with 0%, 0.5%, 1%, or 2% (w:w) raspberry ketones for 10 wk; 1% raspberry ketone + HFD for 6 wk | ↓ | ↓Fat tissue | ↑NE-induced lipolysis, ↑HSL translocation |
1
Studies are ordered according to study type (in vitro, n = 2; animal, n = 1). ACC1, acetyl-CoA carboxylase-1; aP2, activating protein 2; ATGL, adipose triglyceride lipase; BW, body weight; C/EBPα, enhancer binding protein α CPT1B, carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1B); FASN, fatty acid synthase; HFD, high-fat diet; HSL, hormone-sensitive lipase; NE, norepinephrine; SCD1, stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1; ↓, decreased; ↑, increased; ↔, no effect.