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. 2016 Jan 7;7(1):102–111. doi: 10.3945/an.115.010090

FIGURE 2.

FIGURE 2

Human milk components that modulate TLRs. To date, several human milk components have been identified that modulate TLRs. Human milk components that suppress TLR signaling include sTLR2 and sCD14, which dampen TLR2 signaling; sCD14, lactadherin, lactoferrin, and 2′-FL, which attenuate TLR4 signaling; 3′-GL, which suppresses TLR3 signaling; and β-defensin 2, which inhibits TLR7 signaling. Human milk depresses TLR5 signaling, but the molecule responsible remains unknown. Human milk components that simulate TLRs include LNFP III, which promotes the Th2 response; 3SL, which stimulates CD11C+ dendritic cells; and a large protein (>80 kDa) that stimulates cytokine release, all of which act through TLR4 signaling. CD, cluster of differentiation; LNFP III, lacto-N-fucopentaose; sCD, soluble cluster of differentiation; sTLR, soluble toll-like receptor; Th, T helper; TLR, toll-like receptor; MW, molecular weight; 2′FL, 2′-fucosyllactose; 3′GL, 3′-galactosyllactose; 3SL, sialyl (α2,3) lactose.