Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies on fruit and vegetable intake and risk of type 2 diabetes
| Study | Country | Sex | Age (years) | Follow‐up (years) | Cases/size | Assessment of T2DM | Measure of intake | Adjustments | Quality score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Meyer (2000)26 | USA | F | 55–69 | 6 | 1,141/35,988 | Self‐report | FFQ | Age, BMI, smoking, alcohol, energy, WHR, physical activity, education | 6 |
| Ford (2001)21 | USA | M | 25–74 | 20 | 416/3,874 | Self‐report and HM | 24 h recall | Age, BMI, sex, smoking, alcohol, SBP, cholesterol, exercise, education | 6 |
| Ford (2001)21 | USA | F | 25–74 | 20 | 602/5,791 | Self‐report and HM | 24 h recall | Age, BMI, sex, smoking, alcohol, SBP, cholesterol, exercise, education | 6 |
| Liu (2004)23 | USA | F | ≥45 | 8.8 | 1,614/38,018 | Self‐report | FFQ | Age, BMI, smoking, alcohol, cholesterol, exercise, total calories, history | 6 |
| Hodge (2004)24 | Australia | M&F | 40–69 | 4 | 365/31,641 | Self‐report | FFQ | Age, sex, BMI, WHR, country of birth, physical activity, family history of diabetes, alcohol, education, weight change, energy | 5 |
| Montonen (2005)12 | Finland | M&F | 40–69 | 23 | 383/4,304 | HM and via Social Insurance Institution register | DHI (dietary history interview) | Age, sex, BMI, energy intake, smoking, family history of diabetes, and geographic area | 7 |
| Bazzano (2008)25 | USA | F | 38–63 | 18 | 4,529/71,346 | Self‐report and confirmed if met WHO criteria or ADA criteria | FFQ | BMI, physical activity, family history, postmenopausal hormone, alcohol, smoking, energy | 7 |
| Villegas (2008)18 | China | F | 40–70 | 4.6 | 1,608/64,191 | HM | FFQ | Age, energy, meat, BMI, WHR, smoking, alcohol, physical activity, income, education, occupational status, and hypertension | 6 |
| Cooper (2012)29 | Europe | M&F | 40–79 | 11 | 10,821/24,939 | Self‐report, linkage to primary‐care registers, secondary‐care registers, medication use, hospital admissions | FFQ and 24 h recall | Age, sex, education, BMI, physical activity, smoking, energy, alcohol | 8 |
| Kurotani (2013)28 | Japan | M | 45–75 | 5 | 530/21,269 | Self‐report | FFQ | Age, public health centre area, BMI, smoking, alcohol, leisure‐time activity, history of hypertension, family history of diabetes, coffee, Mg, Ca, energy intake | 7 |
| Kurotani (2013)28 | Japan | F | 45–75 | 5 | 366/27,168 | Self‐report | FFQ | Age, public health centre area, BMI, smoking, alcohol, leisure‐time activity, history of hypertension, family history of diabetes, coffee, Mg, Ca, energy intake | 7 |
| Muraki (2013)20 | USA (NHS) | F | 38–63 | 24 | 6,358/66,105 | Self‐report and supplementary questionnaires/medical records | FFQ | Age, ethnicity, BMI, smoking, multivitamin use, physical activity, family history of diabetes, energy intake and other factors | 6 |
| Muraki (2013)20 | USA (NHS II) | F | 26–46 | 18 | 3,153/85,104 | Self‐report and supplementary questionnaires/medical records | FFQ | Age, ethnicity, BMI, smoking, multivitamin use, physical activity, family history of diabetes, energy intake and other factors | 6 |
| Muraki (2013)20 | USA (HPFS) | M | 40–75 | 22 | 2,687/36,173 | Self‐report and supplementary questionnaires/medical records | FFQ | Age, ethnicity, BMI, smoking, multivitamin use, physical activity, family history of diabetes, energy intake and other factors | 7 |
| Mursu (2014)27 | Finland | M | 42–60 | 19.3 | 432/2,332 | A self‐administered questions for a physician‐set diagnosis | 4‐d food recording | Age, examination years, BMI, waist‐to‐hip ratio, smoking, alcohol, education, physical activity, family history of diabetes, and other factors | 7 |