Table 2.
Characteristics of included studies on fruit and vegetable fiber intake and risk of type 2 diabetes
| Study | Country | Sex | Age (years) | Follow‐up (years) | Cases/size | Assessment of T2DM | Measure of intake | Adjustments | Quality score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Colditz (1992)37 | USA | F | 30–55 | 6 | 702/84,360 | Self‐report | FFQ | Age, BMI, alcohol, follow‐up period | 5 |
| Salmeron (1997)35 | USA | F | 40–65 | 6 | 915/65,173 | Self‐report | FFQ | Age, BMI, smoking, alcohol, energy, physical activity, family history of diabetes | 8 |
| Salmeron (1997)35 | USA | M | 40–75 | 6 | 523/42,759 | Self‐report | FFQ | Age, BMI, smoking, alcohol, energy, physical activity, family history of diabetes | 8 |
| Meyer (2000)26 | USA | F | 55–69 | 6 | 1,141/3,5988 | Self‐report | FFQ | Age, BMI, smoking, alcohol, energy, WHR, physical activity, education | 6 |
| Stevens (2002)36 White | USA | M&F | 45–64 | 9 | 971/9,529 | Self‐report | FFQ | Age, BMI, sex, smoking, physical activity, education, field center | 6 |
| Stevens (2002)36 Black | USA | M&F | 45–64 | 9 | 476/2,722 | Self‐report | FFQ | Age, BMI, sex, smoking, physical activity, education, field center | 6 |
| Montonen (2003)38 | Finland | M&F | 40–69 | 10 | 156/4316 | Social insurance institution register | Dietary history interview | Age, BMI, sex, smoking, energy, area | 7 |
| Schulze (2004)39 | USA | F | 26–46 | 8 | 741/91,249 | Self‐report | FFQ | Age, BMI, smoking, alcohol, physical activity, energy, family history, hormone, magnesium, caffeine | 7 |
| Hodge (2004)24 | Australia | M&F | 40–69 | 4 | 365/31,641 | Self‐report | FFQ | Age, sex, BMI, WHR, country of birth, physical activity, family history of diabetes, alcohol, education, weight change, energy | 5 |
| Schulze (2007)54 | Germany | M&F | 35–65 | 7 | 844/25,067 | Self‐report | FFQ | Age, sex, BMI, education, sports activity, smoking, alcohol, waist circumference, energy, carbohydrate intake, PUFA‐SFA ratio, MUFA‐SFAratio | 7 |
| Barclay (2007)40 | Australia | M&F | >49 | 10 | 138/1,833 | Fasting plasma glucose level/self‐report | FFQ | Age, sex, family history of diabetes, smoking, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol and other factors | 7 |
| Wannamethee (2009)41 | British | M | 60–79 | 7 | 162/3,428 | Self‐report | FFQ | Age, waist circumference, smoking, physical activity, social class, alcohol, total calorie intake and other factors | 6 |
| Hopping (2010)34 | Caucasian | M | 45–75 | 14 | 1,080/15,116 | Self‐report/medical records | FFQ | BMI, physical activity, education, and calories | 7 |
| Hopping (2010)34 | Caucasian | F | 45–75 | 14 | 715/1,4643 | Self‐report/medical records | FFQ | BMI, physical activity, education, and calories | 7 |
| Hopping (2010)34 | Japanese American | M | 45–75 | 14 | 2,677/16,572 | Self‐report/medical records | FFQ | BMI, physical activity, education, and calories | 7 |
| Hopping (2010)34 | Japanese American | F | 45–75 | 14 | 2,374/18,672 | Self‐report/medical records | FFQ | BMI, physical activity, education, and calories | 7 |
| Hopping (2010)34 | Native Hawaiian | M | 45–75 | 14 | 798/4,568 | Self‐report/medical records | FFQ | BMI, physical activity, education, and calories | 7 |
| Hopping (2010)34 | Native Hawaiian | F | 45–75 | 14 | 943/5,941 | Self‐report/medical records | FFQ | BMI, physical activity, education, and calories. | 7 |
| Weng (2012)42 | Taiwanese | M&F | ≥30 | 4.6 | 141/1,604 | Fasting plasma glucose concentration/self‐report | FFQ | Age, sex, caloric intake, family history of diabetes, BMI, education, smoking, drinking, hypertension, and other factors | 6 |