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. 2016 Jan 15;95(2):e2497. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000002497

FIGURE 3.

FIGURE 3

Effects of α-lipoic acid (ALA) on expression of proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine genes stimulated by TNF-α. A, The cells were incubated with 10 ng/mL TNF-α and 10 ng/mL IFNγ, alone or in combination for 24 h. The mRNA levels were determined by RT-PCR, and the results were normalized to the housekeeping gene, GAPDH, and expressed in arbitrary units relative to the levels of no-treatment control, set to 1.0. B, Phosphorylation of P65 (pP65) in the whole-cell extract was determined by western blotting. Quantification of pP65 and P65 by densitometry, normalized to the level of β-actin in the same sample, is shown. C, The cells were incubated with ALA (0, 100, 250, or 500 μM) and 10 ng/mL TNF-α for 24 h. The mRNA levels were determined by RT-PCR. D, The protein expression of pP65 was determined by western blotting. The data in the columns are mean relative density ratios ± SEM (n = 3). ∗P < 0.05 compared with the cells stimulated with 10 ng/mL TNF-α.