Tab. II.

Risk factors identifying BPN-treated patients at high risk for developing ONJ following dental surgery.

Risk factor	Rank	Conferred risk	References
BPN administration route	intravenous > oral	High	[22, 25]
BPN type BPN dose BPN therapy duration	Zoledronate > Pamidronate high > low long > short	High High Medium	[18, 19]
Cause of BPN therapy	Cancer > osteoporosis	Medium	[20, 21]
BPN treatment cycles	18 cycles or more > 12 cycles or less	High	[62]
Oral hygiene	Poor > high	Medium	[26]
Cyclosporine therapy	Yes > no	Low	[41]
Antiangiogenic therapies (e.g.interferon, etc.)	Yes < no	Low	[45]
Smoking	Yes < no	Medium	[46]
Multiple myeloma	Yes < no	High	[27]
Systemic blood diseases and lymphomas	Yes < no	Medium	[27]
Autoimmune diseases	Yes > no	Low	[46];
Local radiotherapy	Yes > no	High	[3]
Local dental and periodontal diseases	Yes > no	Medium	[27, 49]
Obesity	Yes > no	Low	[19]
CYP2C8 gene polymorphism	TT homozygosity > heterozigosity and wild type	High	[51]
Prothrombin gene polymorphisms	G20210 > A	Low	[53]
Leiden V factor gene polymorphisms	Arg5406 > Gln	Low	[53]
Plasminogen-activating inhibitor-1 gene polymorphism	4G/4G homozygosity > heterozigosity and wild type	Low	[55]
Multidrug resistance gene 1 polymorphism	Exon 26: C3435 > T; Exon 21: G2677 > T/A	Low	[56]
TNF-alpha gene polymorphism	G307 > A	Low	[58]