Figure 1. Multilevel model of social learning.

The first level (green) consists of simple observations of social cues and basic representations of the social world. The second level (blue) includes a more complex level of social learning and the calculation of prediction errors based on expectations and social outcomes. The third level (orange) is the most complex level of social learning and includes the capacity to update expectations and behaviors and to construct abstractive social knowledge that does not apply to one particular context. All three levels interact with each other (arrows); in particular, learning new implicit associations and expectations (level 3) can help generate predictions for future interactions in novel contexts (level 2) with different weights for self-interests and interests of others.