Table 3. Factors affecting functional impairment: Results of linear fixed effects regression analysis (total sample, by gender).
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | ADL 1—Men | ADL 2—Men | IADL 1—Men | IADL 2—Men | ADL 1—Women | ADL 2—Women | IADL 1—Women | IADL 2—Women |
| Age | 0.0110*** | 0.0150*** | 0.00733*** | 0.0169*** | 0.0123*** | 0.0173*** | 0.00822*** | 0.0193*** |
| (0.000656) | (0.000913) | (0.000496) | (0.000887) | (0.000631) | (0.000885) | (0.000457) | (0.000824) | |
| Without a partner/spousea (Ref.: Married and living together with spouse/registered partnership) | -0.0185 | -0.0239 | -0.0132 | -0.00733 | 0.0215 | 0.0364 | 0.0190 | 0.0236 |
| (0.0233) | (0.0326) | (0.0191) | (0.0350) | (0.0220) | (0.0309) | (0.0168) | (0.0298) | |
| Not living with a spouse/partner in household (Ref.: Living with a spouse/partner in household) | 0.0283** | 0.0418** | 0.0251** | 0.0604*** | 0.0161+ | 0.0189 | 0.0161** | 0.0332** |
| (0.00947) | (0.0137) | (0.00782) | (0.0144) | (0.00864) | (0.0121) | (0.00612) | (0.0111) | |
| Household income: above median (Ref.: below median) | 0.00949+ | 0.00908 | 0.000110 | 0.00540 | 0.00676 | 0.0139* | 0.00246 | 0.00910 |
| (0.00504) | (0.00702) | (0.00377) | (0.00662) | (0.00457) | (0.00644) | (0.00336) | (0.00568) | |
| Daily alcohol consumption (Ref.: less than daily alcohol consumption) | -0.0246*** | -0.0425*** | -0.0193*** | -0.0435*** | -0.0190** | -0.0268** | -0.0151** | -0.0331*** |
| (0.00626) | (0.00869) | (0.00460) | (0.00805) | (0.00725) | (0.00992) | (0.00540) | (0.00927) | |
| Smoking (Ref.: Currently not smoking) | 0.00404+ | 0.00597+ | 0.00349* | 0.00639* | 0.00547* | 0.00817* | 0.00204 | 0.00328 |
| (0.00238) | (0.00329) | (0.00173) | (0.00308) | (0.00242) | (0.00342) | (0.00148) | (0.00278) | |
| Cognitive function | -0.0172*** | -0.0269*** | -0.0179*** | -0.0331*** | -0.0135*** | -0.0227*** | -0.0189*** | -0.0347*** |
| (0.00167) | (0.00239) | (0.00150) | (0.00256) | (0.00160) | (0.00229) | (0.00133) | (0.00228) | |
| Occurrence of depression (Ref: Absence of depression) | 0.117*** | 0.163*** | 0.0550*** | 0.134*** | 0.0535*** | 0.0753*** | 0.0254*** | 0.0625*** |
| (0.00848) | (0.0121) | (0.00647) | (0.0113) | (0.00530) | (0.00751) | (0.00404) | (0.00705) | |
| Chronic diseases (Count score) | 0.0334*** | 0.0427*** | 0.0159*** | 0.0313*** | 0.0265*** | 0.0375*** | 0.00917*** | 0.0269*** |
| (0.00343) | (0.00496) | (0.00288) | (0.00498) | (0.00326) | (0.00474) | (0.00248) | (0.00431) | |
| Constant | -0.623*** | -0.827*** | -0.399*** | -0.963*** | -0.693*** | -0.951*** | -0.424*** | -1.027*** |
| (0.0447) | (0.0619) | (0.0330) | (0.0596) | (0.0417) | (0.0587) | (0.0289) | (0.0525) | |
| Observations | 78,744 | 78,744 | 78,744 | 78,744 | 101,060 | 101,060 | 101,060 | 101,060 |
| R2 | 0.039 | 0.040 | 0.028 | 0.044 | 0.024 | 0.025 | 0.024 | 0.037 |
| Number of Individuals | 45,789 | 45,789 | 45,789 | 45,789 | 57,593 | 57,593 | 57,593 | 57,593 |
a ‘Without a partner/spouse”: Married, living separated from spouse; never married; divorced; widowed; Cluster-robust standard errors in parentheses
*** p<0.001
** p<0.01
* p<0.05
+ p<0.10
Observations with missing values were dropped (listwise deletion).