Table 1.
Predicted Mean Percent Volume From Top Food and Beverage Groups Purchased by Households from Walmart and Other Food Retail Chains (FRCs) From 2000 to 2013a
| 2000 Mean % (SE) | Other FRCs 2013 Mean % (SE) | Difference | 2000 Mean % (SE) | Walmart 2013 Mean % (SE) | Difference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Grain-based desserts | 1.9 (0.02) | 2.0 (0.02) | 0.1 | 5.3 (0.23) | 3.0 (0.12) | −2.3*** |
| Fruit | 0.6 (0.02) | 2.9 (0.02) | 2.3*** | −0.3b (0.09) | 2.8 (0.06) | 3.1*** |
| Vegetables | 3.7 (0.03) | 3.5 (0.03) | −0.2*** | 2.0 (0.1) | 2.8 (0.06) | 0.8*** |
| Savory snacks | 2.2 (0.02) | 2.3 (0.02) | 0.1 | 6.2 (0.25) | 3.1 (0.12) | −3.1*** |
| Ready-to-eat bread | 2.4 (0.02) | 2.6 (0.02) | 0.2 | 1.9 (0.13) | 2.8 (0.08) | 0.9*** |
| Ready-to-eat breakfast | 1.7 (0.02) | 1.9 (0.02) | 0.2*** | 1.9 (0.14) | 3.0 (0.08) | 1.1*** |
| Sweets | 2 (0.03) | 0.8 (0.03) | −1.2*** | 13.1 (0.36) | 1.8 (0.18) | −11.3*** |
| Processed meat | 1.3 (0.01) | 1.9 (0.01) | 0.6*** | 1.1 (0.08) | 1.9 (0.05) | 0.8*** |
| Salad dressing | 0.4 (0.01) | 0.6 (0.01) | 0.2*** | 0.2 (0.05) | 0.6 (0.03) | 0.4*** |
| Milk | 10.7 (0.05) | 9.2 (0.05) | −1.5*** | 6.4 (0.19) | 6.2 (0.11) | −0.2 |
| 100% Juice | 3.3 (0.03) | 1.6 (0.02) | −1.7*** | 1.9 (0.1) | 1.2 (0.06) | −0.7*** |
| SSB | 10.2 (0.06) | 9.7 (0.06) | −0.5*** | 9.3 (0.28) | 8.3 (0.16) | −1.0 |
| Diet beverages | 5.8 (0.05) | 6.1 (0.05) | 0.3 | 5.8 (0.23) | 4.7 (0.13) | −1.1*** |
Source: Calculations based in part on data reported by Nielsen through its Homescan Services for the food and beverage categories for the U.S. market. ©2013, The Nielsen Company.
Note: Boldface indicates statistical significance for the comparison between predicted percent volume in 2013 compared to 2000, p<0.01.
Predicted adjusted mean values from fixed effects models with inverse probability weights, controlling for race/ethnicity, income, household size, household composition, head of household education, household type (single adult, multiple adults with no kids, adult(s) with kids), average quarterly market-level unemployment rate, average annual market-level Walmart store density, and average price of products at Walmart and other chain retailers.
A negative percent of purchases is in reality not possible; this value reflects a prediction from a fitted line based on regression results which can sometimes yield negative results due to the linear nature of the model.