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. 2016 Jan 20;9:189. doi: 10.3389/fnsys.2015.00189

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Copyright © 2016 Trongnetrpunya, Nandi, Kang, Kocsis, Schroeder and Ding.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Simulation model. (A) Coupling scheme. (B) Granger causality spectra using bipolar signals which are in agreement with ground truth. (C) Granger causality spectra using unipolar signals which are not in agreement with ground truth. (D) Analysis of the unipolar Granger causality UV → XY as a function of the signal to reference ratio (SRR) (green curve). Black horizontal lines in (B–D) represents the level of statistical significance (p < 0.05).