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. 2016 Jan 20;9:189. doi: 10.3389/fnsys.2015.00189

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Copyright © 2016 Trongnetrpunya, Nandi, Kang, Kocsis, Schroeder and Ding.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Laminar recording from rat hippocampus. (A) Schematic of the multielectrode with 16 equally spaced (100 μm) contacts and theta generators as identified by phase realigned and averaged (PRAT) CSD (color-coded) and LFPs (smooth traces, blue). Granger causality spectral analysis using (B) bipolar data, (C) unipolar data, (D) CSD data, and (E) average re-referenced data. (F) Comparison of unipolar LFPs from CA1 and average reference signals. (G) Schematic summarizing the Granger causality results where “OTHER” includes unipolar data, average re-referenced data and CSD data. Bipolar results are in agreement with ground truth. Black horizontal lines in (B–E) represents the level of statistical significance (p < 0.05).