Table 1. Background Characteristics on Adolescent Participants.

Pseudonym	Age	Race or Ethnicity	Doula Program Participation
Kalina	16	African American	Doula at birth
Abrianna	16	African American	Wanted doula, not assigned
Cyiarra	17	African American	Wanted doula, not assigned
Miranda	18	Hispanic	Did not want doula
Heather	15	White	Did not want doula
Charmaineb	17	African American	Had doula, not at birth (first child); Wanted doula, not assigned (second child)
Josephine	19	White	Had doula, not at birth
Reina	17	African American	Had doula, not at birth
Danielle	18	White	Did not want doula
Yolanda	17	African American	Wanted doula, not assigned
Stephanie	15	African American	Did not want doula
Jerib	18	African American	Did not want doula (first child)
			Doula at birth (second child)
Destiny	17	African American	Wanted doula, not assigned
Tonya	17	Biracial	Did not want doula
Christy	17	White	Did not want doula
Jamila	17	African American	Did not want doula
Daraa	—	Asian	Did not want doula
Violeta	—	African American	Doula at birth
Ra’shawna	—	African American	Did not want doula
Teneshaa	—	African American	Did not want doula

^aParticipants in focus group only; attendance in childbirth classes and mentoring prior to study observations.

^bParticipants with prior children.