Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics of final sample according to baseline depression and diabetes comorbidity status.
| Characteristic | Neither (n=1626) | Depression (n=458) | Diabetes (n=474) | Both (n=198) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (±SD) | 73.3 (±6.5) | 73.5 (±6.7) | 72.7 (±5.9) | 72.6 (±6.3) | 0.10 |
| Sex, n (%) | < 0.01 | ||||
| Male | 733 (63.9) | 137 (11.9) | 217 (18.9) | 61 (5.3) | |
| Female | 893 (55.5) | 321 (20.0) | 257 (16.0) | 137 (8.5) | |
| Education, n (%) | 0.02 | ||||
| 0 years | 269 (58.9) | 71 (15.5) | 81 (17.7) | 36 (7.9) | |
| 1–4 years | 569 (56.3) | 196 (19.4) | 168 (16.6) | 77 (7.6) | |
| 5–8 years | 495 (59.3) | 137 (16.4) | 140 (16.8) | 63 (7.5) | |
| 9+ years | 293 (64.5) | 54 (11.9) | 85 (18.7) | 22 (4.8) | |
| Smoking, n (%) | < 0.01 | ||||
| Never | 908 (56.4) | 300 (18.6) | 278 (17.3) | 123 (7.6) | |
| Former | 493 (62.1) | 100 (12.6) | 150 (18.9) | 51 (6.4) | |
| Current | 225 (63.7) | 58 (16.4) | 46 (13.0) | 24 (6.8) | |
| U.S. born, n (%) | 0.09 | ||||
| Yes | 914 (59.1) | 236 (15.3) | 277 (17.9) | 120 (7.8) | |
| No | 712 (58.9) | 222 (18.4) | 197 (16.3) | 78 (6.5) | |
| Alcohol consumption, n (%) | < 0.01 | ||||
| Abstainer | 845 (56.1) | 284 (18.8) | 257 (17.1) | 121 (8.0) | |
| Former | 396 (58.9) | 86 (12.8) | 133 (19.8) | 57 (8.5) | |
| Current | 385 (66.7) | 88 (15.3) | 84 (14.6) | 20 (3.5) | |
| Marriage, n (%) | < 0.01 | ||||
| Married | 915 (59.5) | 225 (14.6) | 296 (19.2) | 102 (6.6) | |
| Not married | 624 (57.6) | 214 (19.7) | 160 (14.8) | 86 (7.9) | |
| Never married | 87 (64.9) | 19 (14.2) | 18 (13.4) | 10 (7.5) | |
| Number of residents in home, mean (±SD) | 2.6 (±1.7) | 2.4 (±1.5) | 2.6 (±1.5) | 2.4 (±1.4) | 0.14 |
| Language, n (%) | 0.37 | ||||
| English | 371 (61.2) | 88 (14.5) | 107 (17.7) | 40 (6.6) | |
| Spanish | 1255 (58.4) | 370 (17.2) | 367 (17.1) | 158 (7.3) | |
| Heart disease, n (%) | < 0.01 | ||||
| Yes | 116 (47.5) | 36 (14.8) | 58 (23.8) | 34 (13.9) | |
| No | 1510 (60.1) | 422 (16.8) | 416 (16.6) | 164 (6.5) | |
| Stroke, n (%) | < 0.01 | ||||
| Yes | 61 (42.1) | 26 (17.9) | 39 (26.9) | 19 (13.1) | |
| No | 1565 (59.9) | 432 (16.5) | 435 (16.7) | 179 (6.9) | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | < 0.01 | ||||
| Yes | 963 (55.5) | 291 (16.8) | 325 (18.7) | 156 (9.0) | |
| No | 663 (64.9) | 167 (16.4) | 149 (14.6) | 42 (4.1) | |
| Impairment ADLs, n (%) | < 0.01 | ||||
| Yes | 107 (35.1) | 85 (27.9) | 56 (18.4) | 57 (18.7) | |
| No | 1519 (62.0) | 373 (15.2) | 418 (17.1) | 141 (5.8) | |
| Impairment IADLs, n (%) | < 0.01 | ||||
| Yes | 706 (49.8) | 299 (21.1) | 255 (18.0) | 157 (11.1) | |
| No | 920 (68.7) | 159 (11.9) | 219 (16.4) | 41 (3.1) | |
| Baseline MMSE, mean (±SD) | 25.2 (±4.3) | 24.0 (±4.8) | 25.1 (±4.5) | 23.4 (±5.2) | < 0.01 |
Analysis of variance and chi-square tests used for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Bold indicates statistical significant P < 0.05.
Activities of daily living (ADLs); Instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs)