Table 2. Blood biomarkers of exposure.
| Constituent | Biomarker | Abbreviation | Method | LOD | LOQ | Analytical lab |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nicotine | Serum cotinine | Cotinine | LC–MS/MS(Byrd et al. 2005) | 6 nmol/L | 20 nmol/L | RJRT |
| Carbon monoxide | Carboxyhemoglobin | COHb | CO-oximeter a | 0.3% | – | CCLS |
| 4-Aminobiphenyl | 4-Aminobiphenyl-hemoglobin adducts | 4-ABP-Hb | GC–MS(Lewalter & Gries, 2000; Richter et al., 2001) | 2.3 pg/g Hb | 6.9 pg/g Hb | ABF |
ABF, Analytisch-Biologisches Forschungslabor (Munich, Germany); CCLS, Covance Central Laboratory Services (Indianapolis, IN); RJRT, R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company (Winston-Salem, NC); LC–MS/MS, liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry; GC–MS, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry; LOD, limit of detection; LOQ, limit of quantitation; –, not available.
a
CCLS methodology. Anticoagulated whole blood was aspirated into an oximeter. Sample was mixed with diluent, hemolyzed via surfactant, and brought to temperature in the cuvette. Absorbancies at 6 different wavelengths were measured and used by the oximeter to generate total hemoglobin and percent COHb.