Fig 5. Effect of H₂O₂-induced MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways (A) and effect of Tβ4 peptide on H₂O₂-induced MAPK and NF-κB activation (B) in PDLCs.

Cells were incubated with 200 μM H₂O₂ for indicated times (A). Cells were pretreated with indicated concentrations of Tβ4 peptide (0.1–5 μg/mL) for 2 hours and then incubated with 200 μM H₂O₂ for 60 minutes (B). Data were representative of three independent experiments. The bar graph shows the fold increase in protein expression compared with control cells * Statistically significant differences compared with the control, p<0.05. # Statistically significant difference compared with the H₂O₂—treated group.