Fig 7. Direct (A, B) or co-cultured (C, D) effects of Tβ4 peptide on RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in mouse BMMs (A-C).

A and B; Mouse BMMs were cultured with 200 μM H₂O₂ and indicated concentrations of Tβ4 peptide in the presence of M-CSF (30 ng/mL) and RANKL (100 ng/mL). C and D; PDLCs were co-cultured with mouse BMMs in the presence of M-CSF, RANKL, 200 μM H₂O₂, and indicated concentrations of Tβ4 peptide. To monitor osteoclast differentiation, both TRAP activity and the number of TRAP multinucleated cells were examined. * Statistically significant difference compared with control, p<0.05. The data presented were representative of three independent experiments.