Table 1.

Stroke risk factors across various surgical populations

Study	Year	Population	Patients (n)	OR (CI, 95%)
Sharifpour et al.	2013	Vascular surgery (noncarotid)	47,750
Acute renal failure				2.03 (1.39–2.97)
History of TIA, stroke, existing hemiplegia				1.72 (1.29–2.30)
Female sex				1.47 (1.12–1.93)
History of cardiac diseasea				1.42 (1.07–1.87)
Age				1.02 (1.01–1.04)
Mashour et al.	2011	Non-cardiac, non-vascular, non-neurologic surgery	523,059
Age > 62 years				3.9 (3.0–5.0)
MI within 6 months				3.8 (2.4–6.0)
Acute renal failure				3.6 (2.3–5.8)
History of stroke				2.9 (2.3–3.8)
Dialysis				2.3 (1.6–3.4)
Bateman et al.	2009	Hemicolectomy, THA, lobectomy/segmental lung resection patients	371,641
Renal disease				2.98 (2.52–3.54)
Atrial fibrillation				1.95 (1.69–2.26)
History of stroke				1.64 (1.25–2.14)
Valvular disease				1.54 (1.25–1.90)
CHF				1.44 (1.21–1.70)
Bucerius et al.	2003	Cardiac surgery	16,184
High transfusion requirement				6.04 (5.05–7.23)
History of cerebrovascular disease				3.55 (2.71–4.66)
Preoperative infection				2.39 (1.69–3.40)
Urgent operation				1.47 (1.23–1.76)
CPB >2 hours				1.42 (1.17–1.72)

^aDefined as myocardial infarction within 6 months, history of cardiac revascularization, or congestive heart failure within 30 days.

CI = confidence interval; TIA = transient ischemic attack; MI = myocardial infarction; THA = total hip arthroplasty; CHF = congestive heart failure; CPB = cardiopulmonary bypass