Table 1.
Descriptive statistics of the study’s kindergarten and eighth grade samples
| Children Participating, Spring Kindergarten (N = 21,409) | Children Participating, the End of Eighth Grade (N = 7,456) | |
|---|---|---|
|
| ||
| Percentage | Percentage | |
| Attention-related and Externalizing Problem Behaviors | 3.83% | 2.52% |
| Male | 51.18% | 50.39% |
| SES | ||
| Lowest Quintile | 18.76% | 13.24% |
| Second Lowest Quintile | 19.38% | 17.16% |
| Middle Quintile | 19.78% | 19.07% |
| Second Highest Quintile | 20.52% | 23.20% |
| Highest Quintile | 21.57% | 27.33% |
| Race | ||
| White, non-Hispanic | 55.21% | 65.89% |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 15.09% | 9.00% |
| Hispanic | 17.91% | 15.53% |
| Asian | 6.39% | 4.74% |
| Other race/ethnicity | 5.40% | 4.84% |
| Marital Status | ||
| Single | 33.07% | 22.84% |
| Location Type | ||
| Central city | 41.02% | 34.52% |
| Urban fringe and large town | 38.27% | 38.80% |
| Small town and rural | 20.01% | 26.11% |
| Region | ||
| Northeast | 18.29% | 19.30% |
| Midwest | 24.58% | 29.67% |
| South | 33.14% | 31.67% |
| West | 23.30% | 18.80% |
| Risky Area | 15.20% | 13.25% |
| Attended Head Start | 16.76% | 12.43% |
| Birth Characteristics | ||
| Very low birth weight | 0.78% | 0.74% |
| Low birth weight | 6.65% | 5.92% |
| Maternal Characteristics | ||
| Mother’s age < 18 | 13.86% | 9.46% |
| Mother’s age >= 35 | 3.84% | 4.72% |
| Depressive Symptoms | 10.00% | 8.64% |
| Emotional Problem or Drug/Alcohol abuse | 5.16% | 4.70% |
| Parenting Style | ||
| Lack of routine | 9.96% | 9.19% |
| Spanking | 27.09% | 25.31% |
| Interview Language | ||
| English | 92.25% | 93.13% |
| Language other than English | 7.75% | 6.87% |