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. 2016 Jan 21;7:2. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00002

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Copyright © 2016 Munesue, Nakamura, Kikuchi, Miura, Takeuchi, Anme, Nanba, Adachi, Tsubouchi, Sai, Miyamoto, Horike, Yokoyama, Nakatani, Niida, Kosaka, Minabe and Higashida.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Sequential changes in the outcome measures. (A) The Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). (B) The Clinical Global Impressions – Improvement scale (CGI-I). (C) The Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC). (D) The Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF). (E) The Interaction Rating Scale Advanced (IRSA). (F) Plasma oxytocin (OXT) concentrations. Solid and dashed lines indicate the OXT-first and placebo (PLB)-first groups. Black and white bars indicate the first treatment period and second treatment period, respectively (8 weeks for each period). Error bars indicate the SEM values. Response rates in the CGI-I show the percentages of participants assessed at 1 (very much improved) or 2 (much improved). There were no significant main effects of the treatment on any of the outcome measures.