Table 1.
Clinical characteristics according to VFA levels
| VFA < 100 cm2 (N = 341) | VFA ≥ 100 cm2 (N = 297) | p values | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 66 ± 12 | 62 ± 13 | <0.001 |
| Gender (% male) | 57 | 63 | 0.196 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 128 ± 20 | 132 ± 17 | 0.016 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 73 ± 12 | 78 ± 12 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 71.6 ± 20.2 | 75.0 ± 19.5 | 0.029 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.7 ± 1.8 | 9.0 ± 1.8 | |
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.32 ± 0.42 | 1.19 ± 0.31 | <0.001 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 2.87 (2.29–3.56) | 2.79 (2.26–3.44) | 0.515 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 1.31 (0.98–1.86) | 1.61 (1.19–2.26) | <0.001 |
| Urinary C-peptide (μg/day) | 42 (27–67) | 60 (35–99) | <0.001 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 12 (5–20) | 10 (4–16) | 0.044 |
| Current smoker (%) | 22 | 25 | 0.452 |
| History of CVD | 13 | 17 | 0.183 |
| UAE (mg/day) | 11 (7–26) | 19 (10–58) | 0.001 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 72.0 ± 23.3 | 71.5 ± 25.6 | 0.791 |
| AST (U/l) | 22 (17–28) | 24 (19–41) | <0.001 |
| ALT (U/l) | 19 (14–30) | 28 (18–48) | <0.001 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/l) | 0.80 (0.40–1.95) | 1.60 (0.80–3.60) | <0.001 |
| PDR (%) | 19 | 12 | 0.536 |
| CV-RR (%) | 3.3 (2.2–4.8) | 3.6 (2.3–5.3) | 0.109 |
| ba-PWV (cm/s) | 1711 (1459–1906) | 1582 (1411–1785) | 0.007 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.5 ± 3.2 | 29.4 ± 4.4 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 86 ± 9 | 102 ± 11 | <0.001 |
| Visceral fat area (cm2) | 74 (57–87) | 133 (114–152) | <0.001 |
| Subcutaneous fat area (cm2) | 144 (120–178) | 236 (194–284) | <0.001 |
| Insulin (%) | 75 | 61 | 0.002 |
| CCBs (%) | 29 | 39 | 0.023 |
| ARBs (%) | 35 | 53 | <0.001 |
| Statin (%) | 42 | 52 | 0.050 |
| Anti-platelets (%) | 17 | 22 | 0.322 |
ALT alanine aminotransferase, ARB angiotensin receptor blocker, AST asparatate aminotransferase, baPWV brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity, CCB calcium channel blocker, CVD cardiovascular disease, CV-RR coefficient of variation of R–R intervals, DBP diastolic blood pressure, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein, PDR proliferative diabetic retinopathy, SBP systolic blood pressure