Fig. 2.

Differences in Behavior by Quartiles of Social Status. These behaviors were recorded from 42 adult female cynomolgus monkeys housed in small social groups (3-5/group) during 10 min focal animal observations made 6 times/month for 18 months. A: Rate (frequency/hour) of aggression received (main effect of social status: p < 0.0001); B: Per cent time being groomed (most subordinate versus most dominant quartile p < 0.02); C: Per cent time spent alone out of arm's reach of another monkey (main effect of social status: p < 0.001); D: Vigilant scanning accompanied by fear/appeasement behaviors (lipsmack, grimace) (main effect of social status: p = 0.007). Sub = Subordinate; Dom = Dominant.