Table 1.
Summary of ultrasonic through-metal-wall power delivery and data transmission systems.
| Systems | Configuration | Metal Wall and Thickness (mm) | Power Delivery | Data Rate (bps) | Data Transmission Mode | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Power Efficiency | ||||||
| Sherrit et al. [42] | One pair of PZTs | Titanium (2.5 mm) | — | 53% | — | — |
| Bao et al. [44] | One pair of 38 mm diameter PZTs | Titanium (3.4 mm) | 100 W | 88% | — | — |
| Bao et al. [45,46] | One pair PZT stacks (four 50.8 mm diameter PZTs in each stack) | Titanium (5 mm) | 1068 W | 80%–90% | — | — |
| Moss et al. [47,48] | One pair of 38 mm diameter PZTs | Aluminum (1.6–5 mm) | 300 mW | 30% | — | — |
| Moss et al. [49,50,51] | One pair of 38 mm diameter PZTs | Aluminum (1.6 mm) | 420 mW | 42% | 115 k | Half-duplex |
| Murphy [55] | One pair of PZTs with power reflected mode | Steel (148 mm) | — | — | 300 | Half-duplex |
| Murphy [55] | Two pairs of PZTs | Steel (148 mm) | — | — | 5 k | Full-duplex |
| Murphy [56] | Three PZTs | Steel (152.4 mm) | — | — | 500 | Half-duplex |
| Kluge et al. [3,65] | One pair of PZTs | Aluminum (7 mm) | 30 mW | — | 1 k | Half-duplex |
| Shoudy et al. [67] | One pair of 25.4 mm diameter PZTs | Steel (57 mm) | 250 mW | — | 55 k | Half-duplex |
| Lawry et al. [71] | One pair of PZTs with diameter from 12.7 mm to 66.7 mm | Steel (9.5–63.5 mm) | 81 W | 55% | — | — |
| Lawry et al. [72] | One pair of high temperature PZTs, operating at 260 °C | Steel (≈16 mm) | 1 W | ≈63% | 50 k | Half-duplex |
| Wilt et al. [73] | One pair of 25.4 mm diameter PZTs | Stainless steel (57.2 mm) | >100 W | >60% | — | — |
| Lawry et al. [74,75,76,77,78] | Two pairs of PZTs | Steel (63.5 mm) | 50 W | — | 17.37 M | Full-duplex |
| Chakraborty et al. [79] | One pair of 25.4 mm diameter PZTs | Steel (15.97 mm)-water (88.3 mm)-steel (10.92 mm) | — | 30% | 4 M | Half-duplex |
| Ashdown et al. [81,82] | One pair of 25.4 mm PZTs | Steel (57.15 mm) | ≈100 mW | — | >30 k | Full-duplex |
| Graham et al. [5,6,84] | One pair of EMATs with liftoff of 0.8 mm to the surface of the metal wall | Steel (25.4 mm) | — | — | 1 M | Half-duplex |