Table 1.

Summary of culture-independent research methods used to study the microbiome of CRS.

Citation	Sample type	Sample site	Molecular technique
Stephenson et al., 2010	Swab	Site of maximal purulence or surface of maxillary sinus	Pyrosequencing of 16S gene
Stressmann et al., 2011	Tissue and mucin	Polyp and inferior turbinate	T-RFLP of 16S gene
Feazel et al., 2012	Swab	Area of mucopurulence or the middle meatus	Pyrosequencing of 16S gene
Abreu et al., 2012	Brushings	Lateral, central, and medial portions of the maxillary sinus	DNA microarray analysis of 16S gene
Boase et al., 2013	Tissue	Ethmoid sinus	PCR and mass spectrometry; fluorescence in situ hybridization
Aurora et al., 2013	Lavage	Superior middle meatus	Pyrosequencing of 16S and 18S genes