Table 1.
Cohort characteristics and ICU clinical variables by volume overload on ICU discharge
| Patient Characteristics | No Volume Overload | Volume Overload | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number of patients | 160 | 87 | |
| Age (yr), mean (SD) | 54.6 (17.3) | 55 (14.7) | 0.87 |
| Males, n (%) | 105 (65.6%) | 51 (58.6%) | 0.28 |
| Weight on admission (kg), mean (SD) | 84.7 (28.8) | 76.9 (26.7) | 0.03 |
| APACHE II score, mean (SD) | 21.7 (9.2) | 27 (8.7) | <0.01 |
| Congestive heart failure, n (%) | 30 (18.9%) | 13 (14.9%) | 0.44 |
| End-stage renal disease on hemodialysis, n (%) | 7 (4.4%) | 7 (8.0%) | 0.23 |
| Chronic kidney disease (not on dialysis), n (%) | 11 (6.9%) | 7 (8.0%) | 0.74 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, n (%) | 17 (10.6%) | 10 (11.5%) | 0.83 |
| Cirrhosis, n (%) | 9 (5.6%) | 14 (16.1%) | <0.01 |
| Admitted from healthcare facility, n (%) | 41 (25.6%) | 26 (29.9%) | 0.47 |
| Clinical variables | |||
| Shock days (n), mean (SD) | 1.3 (1.3) | 2.4 (2.4) | <0.01 |
| Days in ICU after shock resolution (n),* mean (SD) | 2.7 (3.1) | 6.8 (10.1) | <0.01 |
| Fluid in shock (L), median [IQR] | 5.8 [3.3–10] | 16.1 [7.5–22.9] | <0.01 |
| Fluid/24 h in shock (L), median [IQR] | 5.8 [3.7–7.9] | 8.3 [5.8–11.9] | <0.01 |
| Fluid/24 h in ICU after shock (L), median [IQR] | 2.7 [1.8–3.3] | 3.3 [2.2–4.1] | <0.01 |
| Received maintenance fluids during shock,† n (%) | 139 (86.9%) | 78 (89.7%) | 0.52 |
| Received maintenance fluids after shock resolution, n (%) | 126 (78.8%) | 77 (88.5%) | 0.06 |
| Received albumin during shock, n (%) | 1 (0.6%) | 6 (6.9%) | 0.01 |
| Received blood products during shock, n (%) | 24 (15.0%) | 37 (42.5%) | <0.01 |
| Required vasopressors, n (%) | 59 (36.9%) | 53 (60.9%) | <0.01 |
| Had central venous catheter, n (%) | 104 (65.0%) | 62 (71.3%) | 0.32 |
| Had arterial line, n (%) | 46 (28.8%) | 48 (55.2%) | <0.01 |
| Had Foley catheter, n (%) | 127 (79.4%) | 81 (93.1%) | 0.01 |
| Received diuretics in first ICU stay,‡ n (%) | 43 (28.1%) | 29 (36.3%) | 0.2 |
| Acute kidney injury in the ICU,‡,§ n (%) | 32 (20.9%) | 27 (33.8%) | 0.03 |
| Received mechanical ventilation, n (%) | 70 (43.8%) | 57 (65.5%) | <0.01 |
Definition of abbreviations: APACHE II = Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II; ICU = intensive care unit.
*
Shock resolution was defined as the end of a 12-h period in the ICU without vasopressor use and with no more than one mean arterial pressure reading <60 mm Hg.
†
Maintenance fluid was defined as any crystalloid administered at a rate <250 ml/h.
‡
Percentages are of the 233 patients without a preexisting diagnosis of end-stage renal disease.
§
Acute kidney injury was defined according to Acute Kidney Injury Network criteria (24) for increase in creatinine (increase in creatinine≥0.3 mg/dl or ≥50% within 48 h).