Figure 1.

Autoregressive paths and within-time covariances relating internalizing and oppositional defiant disorder symptoms to regular heavy episodic drinking.

Notes: N = 657, ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05, ^†P = 0.06. Standardized estimates are shown. Cross-lagged paths estimated in this model are shown in Figure 2 to enhance the readability. Although many unstandardized estimates were constrained to be equal across time and sex, standardized estimates (shown in the figs.) can still be slightly different over time and sex. When coefficients differed between males and females, estimates were delineated with an “F” for female and an “M” for male, all other coefficients were constrained across sex.

Abbreviations: INT, internalizing; ODD, oppositional defiant disorder; HED, heavy episodic drinking.