Figure 4.

Cross-lagged paths relating internalizing and oppositional defiant disorder symptoms to alcohol-related harms.

Notes: N = 657 ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05, ^†P = 0.06. Standardized estimates are shown. Although many unstandardized estimates were constrained to be equal across time, standardized estimates (shown in the figs.) can still be slightly different over time and sex. Gray lines are significant, but coefficients for the cross-lagged paths between INT and ODD are same as in Figure 2 and are not shown here for readability.

Abbreviations: INT, internalizing; ODD, oppositional defiant disorder; HARM, alcohol-related harms.