Table 1.

Definition, diagnosis, risk factors of ONJ.

Question	Answer	References
What is ONJ?	Exposed bone in the maxillofacial region that has persisted for more than 8 weeks, together with current or previous treatment with a bisphosphonate, without a history of radiation therapy to the jaws	[5]
What causes ONJ?	Bisphosphonate related factors: Impaired bone remodelling and [18], [19], [77], inhibition angiogenesis [20], [21]
Patient related factors: Constant microtrauma due to jaw movement[14], Bone trauma due to surgical dental procedures [15], Oral microflora may inhibit healing process and super infect poorly healing wound [22], [23], [24]
Who gets ONJ?	Two main factors contribute to development of ONJ: Bone-targeted agent treatment and surgical procedures involving jaw bones	[28], [29], [30], [35], [36], [37]
Predisposing factors: Immunosuppressive status, increased patient's age, local oral inflammatory process, chronic corticosteroids use, concurrent chemotherapy, smoking
How do you diagnose ONJ?	Symptoms: pain, gingival swelling, purulent discharge, exposed, non-healing bone	[11]
Diagnostic procedure: Thorough dental examination, panoramic and cross-sectional imaging to determine the extent of necrosis and the presence of a sequestrum or osteomyelitis and to exclude other possible aetiologies for these manifestations.
Differential diagnosis of ONJ	Periodontal disease	[12], [13]
Gingivitis
Mucositis
Infectious osteomyelitis
Sinusitis
Periapical pathology caused by a carious infection
Temporomandibular joint disease
Osteoradionecrosis
Neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis (NICO)
Bone tumors or metastases