Table 1.
Characteristics of subjects in eligible studies
| Studies | Country | Population | Participant No. (Women, %) | Mean Age, y | Follow-Up, year | Comparison Cystatin C Level, mg/L | Adjusted risk factors | Study quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shlipak 2005 | USA | Elderly ages ≥65 y | 4637 (58) | 75 | 7.4 | Highest quintile (>1.29) vs lowest (<0.89) | age, sex, diabetes, left ventricular hypertrophy, fibrinogen level, C-reactive protein , hemoglobin level, myocardial infarction, stroke, and heart failure | 6 |
| Shlipak 2006-1 | USA | Elderly ages ≥65 y | 3659 (NA) | >65 | 9.3 | Highest quintile (≥1 mg/L) vs lowest (<1 mg/L) | age, sex, race, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, hypertension, diabetes, current smoking, C-reactive protein level, prevalent heart failure, coronary artery disease, stroke, height, weight, and physical activity. Cystatin C and creatinine concentrations | 5 |
| Shlipak 2006-2 | USA | Elderly ages ≥65 y | 1004 (NA) | >65 | 9.3 | Highest quintile (≥1 mg/L) vs lowest (<1 mg/L) | age, sex, race, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, hypertension, diabetes, current smoking, C-reactive protein level, prevalent heart failure, coronary artery disease, stroke, height, weight, and physical activity. Cystatin C and creatinine concentrations | 5 |
| Windhausen 2009 | Netherlands | Acute coronary heart disease | 1128 (27) | 62 | 3 | Highest quintile (>1.01) vs lowest (<0.86) | age, sex, diabetes, coronary heart disease, hypertension, myocardial infarction, hypercholesterolemia, tobacco use, drug therapy | 7 |
| Negrusz-Kawecka 2014 | Poland | coronary artery disease | 63 (39) | 62.7 | 0.5 | Highest quintile (≥0.915 mg/L) vs lowest (<0.915 mg/L) | gender, age, diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, CKD, nicotine abuse and obesity | 7 |
NA, not available.