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Elevated GDF-15 levels in plasma and myocardiac tissues of AF patients with RHD. A. Level of GDF-15 in plasma was significantly increased in AF patients with rheumatic heart disease. B. Representative immunohistochemistry staining images of GDF-15 in SR and AF patients with rheumatic heart disease. C. The mRNA levels of GDF-15 in the atrial tissues of SR and AF patients with rheumatic heart disease. *P<0.05 vs. SR group.
