Table 1.
Patients’ demographic and clinical characteristics at baseline (n = 743)
| Variables | Pre-existing DR (n = 170) | New-onset DR (n = 91) | Non-DR (n = 482) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y)1 | 61.1 ± 9.4 | 62.0 ± 12.1 | 57.5 ± 13.3†,‡ | < 0.001* |
| Gender, male2 | 75 (44.1) | 44 (48.4) | 310 (64.3) | < 0.001* |
| Education2 | < 0.001* | |||
| Illiteracy/Literacy | 57 (35.4) | 26 (29.9) | 89 (19.4) | |
| Elementary school | 73 (45.3) | 41 (47.1) | 173 (37.8) | |
| High school | 23 (14.3) | 14 (16.1) | 135 (29.5) | |
| College/University or above | 8 (5.0) | 6 (6.9) | 61 (13.3) | |
| DM duration (y)1 | 16.3 ± 6.9 | 14.8 ± 7.7 | 9.9 ± 6.2†,‡ | < 0.001* |
| BMI1 | 25.8 ± 3.9 | 26.0 ± 3.8 | 26.1 ± 3.9 | 0.570 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg)1 | 136.9 ± 17.6 | 134.2 ± 18.3 | 129.9 ± 15.7† | < 0.001* |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg)1 | 77.5 ± 9.7 | 76.3 ± 11.6 | 77.5 ± 10.1 | 0.581 |
| FPG (mg/dL)1 | 176.8 ± 49.0 | 153.9 ± 45.6† | 154.3 ± 48.5† | < 0.001* |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL)1 | 191.5 ± 51.0 | 176.1 ± 60.1 | 172.4 ± 55.9† | < 0.001* |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL)1 | 157.9 ± 96.9 | 166.4 ± 147.0 | 148.5 ± 134.6 | 0.405 |
| LDL (mg/dL)1 | 114.3 ± 34.9 | 109.4 ± 27.5 | 106.9 ± 31.7† | 0.036* |
| HDL (mg/dL)1 | 43.4 ± 13.9 | 41.9 ± 13.1 | 43.6 ± 13.2 | 0.545 |
| GPT (u/L)1 | 29.2 ± 18.2 | 32.9 ± 18.9 | 34.4 ± 23.8† | 0.031* |
| UACR (mg/g)1 | 15.0 ± 72.3 | 2.0 ± 9.5 | 3.9 ± 27.3† | 0.007* |
| Creatinine (mg/dL)1 | 1.02 ± 0.42 | 1.03 ± 0.32 | 0.94 ± 0.38† | 0.011* |
| HbA1c (%)1,3 | 8.7 ± 1.6 (72 ± 18) | 8.3 ± 1.8 (67 ± 19) | 7.8 ± 1.6† (62 ± 18) | < 0.001* |
| Smoking status2 | 0.269 | |||
| Never smoked | 131 (78.4) | 68 (76.4) | 334 (70.2) | |
| Current smoker | 27 (16.2) | 16 (18.0) | 102 (21.4) | |
| Former smoker | 9 (5.4) | 5 (5.6) | 40 (8.4) | |
| Drinking2 | 13 (8.0) | 8 (9.1) | 35 (7.5) | 0.876 |
| Hypertension2 | 111 (65.3) | 63 (69.2) | 154 (32.0) | < 0.001* |
| Cardiovascular disease2 | 15 (8.8) | 7 (7.7) | 28 (5.8) | 0.373 |
| Foot deformity2 | 8 (4.7) | 2 (2.2) | 5 (1.0) | 0.014* |
| Nephropathy2 | 66 (38.8) | 32 (35.2) | 73 (15.1) | < 0.001* |
| Neuropathy2 | 38 (22.4) | 11 (12.1) | 22 (4.6) | < 0.001* |
| Stroke2 | 8 (4.7) | 2 (2.2) | 12 (2.5) | 0.307 |
Data are presented as 1mean ± SD or 2n (%). P-values are based on
one-way ANOVA test and Bonfferroni post-hoc comparisons;
Chi-square test.
P<0.05 indicates a significantly difference among the three groups.
Indicates a significant difference as compared to those with DR at baseline.
Indicates a significant difference as compared to those with DR onset during follow-up period.
Abbreviation: DR, diabetic retinopathy; DM, diabetic mellitus; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; SGPT, serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase; UACR, urine microalbumin/creatinine ratio; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; NS, non significant; SD, standard deviation.
HbA1c was listed by NGSP units (%).