Table 2.
Unadjusted hazard ratios for clinical characteristics associated with progression of preexisting DR (n = 170) and new-onset DR for those without DR at baseline (n = 573)
| Progression (n = 170) | Onset of DR (n = 573) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|||
| HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Time-independent covariate | ||||
| Gender, male | 1.14 (0.60, 2.19) | 0.687 | 0.69 (0.46, 1.04) | 0.080 |
| Education | ||||
| Illiteracy/Literacy | reference | reference | ||
| Elementary school | 0.79 (0.38, 1.65) | 0.536 | 0.92 (0.56, 1.51) | 0.742 |
| High school | 0.62 (0.20, 1.88) | 0.398 | 0.36 (0.19, 0.69) | 0.002* |
| College/University or above | 0.57 (0.07, 4.43) | 0.594 | 0.33 (0.13, 0.79) | 0.013* |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Never smoked | reference | reference | ||
| Current smoker | 2.30 (1.02, 5.22) | 0.046* | 0.81 (0.47, 1.40) | 0.454 |
| Former smoker | 2.54 (0.59, 10.98) | 0.211 | 1.15 (0.46, 2.85) | 0.772 |
| Drinking | 2.51 (0.86, 7.30) | 0.092 | 1.28 (0.62, 2.64) | 0.511 |
| Hypertension | 0.86 (0.42, 1.73) | 0.662 | 2.21 (1.41, 3.46) | 0.001* |
| Cardiovascular disease | 1.39 (0.43, 4.53) | 0.586 | 1.49 (0.69, 3.21) | 0.317 |
| Foot deformity | 0.55 (0.13, 2.27) | 0.404 | 3.00 (0.74, 12.20) | 0.126 |
| Nephropathy | 0.85 (0.45, 1.63) | 0.627 | 1.57 (1.02, 2.42) | 0.041* |
| Neuropathy | 3.02 (1.56, 5.87) | 0.001* | 3.76 (2.00, 7.06) | < 0.001* |
| Stroke | 1.99 (0.27, 14.87) | 0.504 | 1.19 (0.28, 4.99) | 0.817 |
| Time-dependent covariate | ||||
| Age (y) | 1.02 (0.98, 1.05) | 0.379 | 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) | 0.002* |
| DM duration (y) | 0.95 (0.90, 0.996) | 0.034* | 1.02 (0.99, 1.06) | 0.154 |
| BMI | 0.98 (0.90, 1.06) | 0.583 | 1.01 (0.95, 1.07) | 0.841 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 1.02 (1.00, 1.04) | 0.078 | 1.02 (1.01, 1.04) | 0.001* |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 1.04 (1.01, 1.07) | 0.005* | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) | 0.810 |
| FPG (mg/dL) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | 0.722 | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) | 0.137 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 1.01 (1.00, 1.01) | 0.058 | 1.01 (1.003, 1.014) | 0.003* |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) | 0.150 | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) | 0.308 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 1.01 (1.00, 1.02) | 0.162 | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) | 0.760 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 0.99 (0.97, 1.02) | 0.521 | 1.00 (0.99, 1.02) | 0.650 |
| SGPT (u/L) | 1.01 (0.98, 1.03) | 0.630 | 0.99 (0.98, 1.01) | 0.385 |
| UACR (mg/g) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | 0.755 | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | 0.899 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.00 (0.89, 1.11) | 0.947 | 1.04 (0.89, 1.23) | 0.624 |
| Updated mean of HbA1c (%) | 0.95 (0.77, 1.18) | 0.672 | 1.24 (1.06, 1.44) | 0.007* |
| HbA1c (%) | 0.95 (0.76, 1.19) | 0.672 | 1.08 (0.95, 1.23) | 0.252 |
*
P < 0.05 indicates a significant difference.
Abbreviation: DR, diabetic retinopathy; DM, diabetic mellitus; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; SGPT, serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase; UACR, urine microalbumin/creatinine ratio; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.