Table 1. Characteristics of diabetic patients by estimated diabetes duration and HbA1c values at baseline.
| Diabetes Duration* | HbA1c† | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||
| Non-Diabetic (n=8356) | 0-3 years (n=837) | ≥3 years (n=1264) | P-Value§ | HbA1c < 7.0% (n=883) | HbA1c 7.0-8.9% (n=690) | HbA1c ≥ 9.0% (n=360) | P-Value§ | |
| Age, mean (SD), years | 71.8 (12.7) | 69.0 (11.0) | 71.7 (8.9) | <0.001 | 71.5 (9.6) | 70.5 (9.7) | 67.9 (9.8) | <0.001 |
| <65 | 1903 (22.8%) | 244 (29.2%) | 251 (19.9%) | <0.001 | 184 (20.8%) | 161 (23.3%) | 118 (32.8%) | <0.001 |
| 65-74 | 2422 (29.0%) | 311 (37.2%) | 494 (39.1%) | 326 (36.9%) | 277 (40.1%) | 144 (40.0%) | ||
| ≥ 75 | 4031 (48.2%) | 282 (33.7%) | 519 (41.1%) | 374 (42.4%) | 252 (36.5%) | 98 (27.2%) | ||
| Gender, female | 3714 (44.5%) | 321 (38.4%) | 501 (39.6%) | 0.55 | 325 (36.8%) | 273 (39.6%) | 153 (42.5%) | 0.16 |
| Race | <0.001 | 0.02 | ||||||
| White | 7226 (86.5%) | 700 (83.6%) | 1071 (84.7%) | 764 (86.5%) | 591 (85.7%) | 283 (78.6%) | ||
| Black/African American | 306 (3.7%) | 28 (3.4%) | 73 (5.8%) | 31 (3.5%) | 35 (5.1%) | 28 (7.8%) | ||
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 416 (5.0%) | 75 (9.0%) | 74 (5.9%) | 55 (6.2%) | 44 (6.4%) | 33 (9.2%) | ||
| Hispanic | 193 (2.3%) | 23 (2.8%) | 43 (3.4%) | 27 (3.1%) | 15 (2.2%) | 14 (3.9%) | ||
| Other/Unknown | 215 (2.6%) | 11 (1.3%) | 3 (0.2%) | 6 (0.7%) | 4 (0.6%) | 3 (0.8%) | ||
| Education (< high school graduation) | 677 (8.1%) | 92 (10.9%) | 136 (10.7%) | 0.93 | 83 (9.4%) | 79 (11.5%) | 49 (13.6%) | 0.10 |
| Income (annual household income < $35,000) | 907 (10.9%) | 98 (11.7%) | 160 (12.6%) | 0.68 | 100 (12.0% | 87 (13.4%) | 44 (13.0%) | 0.52 |
| Comorbidities and Diabetes Characteristics | ||||||||
| Prior ischemic stroke | 632 (7.6%) | 52 (6.2%) | 173 (13.7%) | <0.001‡ | 92 (10.4%) | 70 (10.1%) | 35 (9.7%) | 0.98‡ |
| Chronic heart failure | 2141 (25.6%) | 251 (30.0%) | 583 (46.1%) | <0.001‡ | 342 (38.7%) | 264 (38.3%) | 146 (40.6%) | 0.36‡ |
| Coronary disease | 2117 (25.3%) | 261 (31.2%) | 581 (46.0%) | <0.001‡ | 351 (39.8%) | 287 (41.6%) | 134 (37.2%) | 0.56‡ |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 157 (1.9%) | 18 (2.2%) | 63 (5.0%) | 0.005‡ | 34 (3.9%) | 26 (3.8%) | 14 (3.9%) | 0.86‡ |
| Hypertension | 3852 (46.1%) | 497 (59.4%) | 901 (71.3%) | <0.001‡ | 601 (68.1%) | 475 (68.8%) | 220 (61.1%) | 0.02‡ |
| Proteinuria | 926 (11.1%) | 103 (12.3%) | 366 (29.0%) | <0.001‡ | 185 (21.0%) | 146 (21.2%) | 91 (25.3%) | 0.26‡ |
| Significant kidney dysfunction | 1166 (14.0%) | 94 (11.2%) | 280 (22.2%) | <0.001‡ | 150 (17.0%) | 119 (17.2%) | 58 (16.1%) | 0.92‡ |
| Insulin use | - | 38 (4.5%) | 490 (38.8%) | <0.001‡ | 142 (16.1%) | 226 (32.8%) | 149 (41.4%) | <0.001‡ |
| HbA1c Value | <0.001‡ | |||||||
| < 7.0% | - | 417 (49.8%) | 461 (36.5%) | - | - | - | ||
| 7.0-8.9% | - | 285 (34.1%) | 508 (40.2%) | - | - | - | ||
| ≥9.0% | - | 135 (16.1%) | 295 (23.3%) | - | - | - | ||
| Duration of diabetes | <0.001‡ | |||||||
| 0-3 years | - | - | - | 458 (51.9%) | 226 (32.8%) | 89 (24.7%) | ||
| ≥3 years | - | - | - | 425 (48.1%) | 464 (67.2%) | 271 (75.3%) | ||
| Predicted Stroke Risk | ||||||||
| CHADS2, mean (SD) | 1.4 (1.1) | 2.4 (1.1) | 2.9 (1.2) | <0.001 | 2.7 (1.2) | 2.6 (1.1) | 2.5 (1.0) | 0.01 |
| CHA2DS2-VASc, mean (SD) | 2.8 (1.7) | 3.8 (1.6) | 4.5 (1.6) | <0.001 | 4.3 (1.6) | 4.2 (1.6) | 4.0 (1.6) | 0.01 |
| ATRIA stroke risk score, mean (SD) | 4.9 (2.8) | 5.5 (2.7) | 6.8 (2.6) | <0.001 | 6.4 (2.7) | 6.2 (2.6) | 5.8 (2.7) | 0.008 |
*
Population excludes n=106 without a diabetes onset date
†
Population excludes n=171 with initial gap > 1 year and n=106 without a diabetes onset date (n=274 total)
‡
Adjusted for age, gender, race
§
P-Values represent comparisons among diabetic patients (Reference categories are duration ≤ 3 years and HbA1c < 7%). Compared to non-diabetic patients, diabetics with duration ≤ 3 years were significantly different (p<0.05) in all categories except for income status, peripheral arterial disease, prior ischemic stroke, and significant kidney dysfunction. Diabetics with duration > 3 years were significantly different in all categories except mean age. SD: standard deviation