Table 3.

Associations between parental characteristics and use of probiotics during pregnancy

	Multivariable analysis
	OR (95 % CI)	p value
Maternal history of smoking (prior to pregnancy ever)	1.72 (1.25–2.37)	0.001
Maternal smoke exposure during pregnancy	1.06 (0.67–1.70)	0.79
Use of substitutes/supplements without doctor’s prescription during the past 3 monthsa	1.05 (0.70–1.58)	0.82
Use of homeopathic substitutes/herbal medicines during the past 3 months	1.65 (1.17–2.33)	0.005
Use of fruits (5 or more pieces a week)	1.14 (0.82–1.60)	0.44
Use of fresh vegetables (7 or more times a week)	0.96 (0.70–1.32)	0.81
Paternal history of smoking (ever)	1.39 (1.01–1.89)	0.05
Maternal higher education	1.27 (0.88–1.83)	0.20
Children’s day-care visit during the first 6 months of life	1.31 (0.92–1.88)	0.13

p values in bold are statistically significant

^aSee Table 1 for definition