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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Neuroscience. 2015 Dec 31;316:344–366. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.12.043

Figure 4. Isolated L5 pyramidal neuron model demonstrates persistent increase in firing after stimulation to AMPAR/NMDAR/mGLUR via a – h sequence of coupled electrical-molecular-electrical activations.

Figure 4

(soma levels in blue; apical dendrite levels in red, except in a) (a) Synaptic currents in apical dendrite (blue: GABAAR; red: AMPAR; green: NMDAR) (b) produces cytosolic calcium concentration increase due to calcium influx via VGCC and NMDAR, (c) while also increasing IP3 via mGluR-activated cascade, (d) which together with Ca2+ activates IP3R causing efflux of ER Ca2+. (e) cAMP is augmented by higher Ca2+ (f) persistently increasing normalized HCN conductance (gh) (g) persistently increasing Ih. (soma values out of range due to lower HCN density) (h) resulting in high rate of firing.