Table 1.
Therapeutic mechanism of action and active constituents of different components of Hawan Samagri on epilepsy
| S. No | Name/botanical name | Active component | Mechanism of action |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Saffron Crocus sativus | Crocetin, picrocrocin, safranal, isophorone, 2,2,6-trimethyl-1,4-cyclohexanedione, 4-ketoisophorone, 2-hydroxy-4,4,6-trimethyl-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-one as well as 2,6,6-trimethyl-1,4-cyclohexadiene-1-carboxaldehyde | Increase in seizure threshold. Block PTZ induced convulsions. Increase GABA-ergic neurotransmission. Inhibit absence seizures.46,47 Improve tonic clonic seizures. |
| 2. | Jatamansi Nardostachys jatamansi | Valeranone, Calerene, patchouol, α-gurjunene, aristolone, β-maaliene, spathulenol | Increase in seizure threshold, Inhibit the electroshock convulsions.55 Increase GABA, 5-HT, 5-HIAA.57 |
| 3. | Coconut Cocos nucifera | Monounsaturated fatty acids, Saponins | Inhibit PTZ induced convulsions. Increase GABA level, serotonin level.76 Anticonvulsant.78 |
| 4. | Sesame seeds Sesamum indicum | 1-(5-methyl-2-furanyl)-1-propanone, 3-formylthiophene, 2-propyl-4-methylthiazole, 2-ethyl-4-methyl-1H-pyrrole, 2-ethyl-6-methylpyrazine, 2-ethyl-5-methylpyrazine, 4,5-dimethylisothiazole, 4,5-dimethylthiazole, 2,6-diethylpyrazine, 2-ethyl-2,5-dimethylpyrazine, 1-(2-pyridinyl) ethanone, and 1-(1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl) ethanone | Decrease ROS, MDA in epileptics.80 |
| 5. | Clove Eugenia caryophyllus | Eugenol, acetyl eugenol, β-caryophyllene, vanillin, crategolic acid, tannins, gallotannic acid, methyl salycylate, flavonoids eugenin, kaempferol, rhamnetil, eugenitin and triterpenoids like oleanolic acid. | Increase onset of convulsions. Reduce duration of convulsions. Delay onset on seizures.66 Increase GABAergic and glycinergic activity.67,68 |
| 6. | Nutmeg Myristica fragrans | Myristicin and macelignan |
Inhibit seizures.
Reduce severity of seizures.58 |
| 7. | Nagkesar Mesua ferra | Sesquiterpene, diterpenes, triterpenes, carboxylic acids and saturated hydrocarbons | Reduce HLTE.61 Inhibit MES induced convulsions. Increase the onset time of seizures. Decrease duration of seizure. |
| 8. | Tagar Valeriana wallichi | Valerian, valipotriates and GABA sesquiterpene, diterpenes, triterpenes, carboxylic acids and saturated hydrocarbons | Sedative action. Decrease HLTE. Anticonvulsant activity.64 |
| 9. | Agar Aquilana malaccensis | Sesquiterpenes, benzylacetone, guaiene, anisylacetone and chromone derivatives | Sedative action.62 |
| 10. | Nagarmotha Cyperus rotundus | Cyperone, selinene, cyperene, cyperotundone, patchulenone, sugeonol, kobusone and isokobusone, pinene (monoterpene) derivatives of sesquiterpenes such as cyperol, isocyperol and cyperone. | Anticonvulsant action.70,71 |
| 11. | Ber Zizphus jujuba | Flavonoids, saponins, tannins, vitamin A, vitamin B, sugars, mucilage, calcium, phosphate & iron. The pulp contains moisture, protein, fat, carbohydrate, calcium, phosphorus, iron, carotene, thiamine, riboflavin, vitamin C. | Anticonvulsant action.73 |
| 12. | Phoolmakhane Nelumbo nucifera | N-nornuciferine, O-nornuciferine, nuciferine, and roemerine, protein, amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids, minerals, starch, and tannins. | Decrease tonic extensor convulsions. Anticonvulsant action.72 |
| 13. | Mango Mangifera indica | PGG, polyphenolics, flavonoids, triterpenoids, mangiferin, catechin, isomangiferin, mangiferin, alanine, glycine, γ-aminobutyric acid, kinic acid, shikimic acid and the tetracyclic triterpenoids cycloart-24-en-3β, 26diol, 3-ketodammar-24 (E)-en-20S, 26-diol, C-24 epimers of cycloart-25 en 3β,24,27-triol and cycloartan-3β,24,27-triol. | Inhibit PTZ and MES induced convulsions. Increase GABA levels. Anticonvulsant action.79 |
PTZ, pentylenetetrazole induced; GABA, gamma-amino butyric acid; ROS, reactive oxygen species; MDA, malondialdehyde; MES, maximal electroshock seizure; HLTE, hind limb tonic extension