Table.

Subgroup meta-analyses exploring moderators that influence caffeine induced diuresis.

Moderators		n	ES	95% CI	p	Δ (ml)	Δ (%)	Q	I2 (%)	Between group p (Cochran's Q)
Activity state	Active	15	0.10	−0.07 to 0.27	0.248	100	11.1	17.7	21.0	0.019
	Resting	13	0.54	0.22 to 0.85	0.001	120	21.0	24.9	51.7
Sex	Male	20	0.13	−0.05 to 0.31	0.158	47	13.6	25.8	26.4	0.006 (0.003a)
	Female	3	0.75	0.38 to 1.13	<0.001	113	27.5	2.0	2.3
	Mixture	5	0.58	0.07 to 1.08	0.025	358	17.0	10.8	63.1

ES, effect size; CI, confidence interval;

^Δchange in urine volume.

^aMale vs. female.