TABLE 2.
Summary of human skeletal muscle protein turnover responses after RE in the fed state1
| MPS (fasted), %/h |
MPS (fed), %/h |
||||||||||||
| First author, year (ref) | Subjects: status, n, age2 | Tracer | Exercise3 | Protein fraction | FSR Bx time PEx | Nutrition/group | Leu, g | Nutrition type | Basal | PEx4 | Basal | PEx4 | Net bal |
| Biolo, 1997 (51) | UT, 6 M, 29 ± 5 y | [13C6]Phe | None | Mixed | During 3 h INF | AA INF | >5 | 3 h Travasol (Baxter Healthcare Corporation) | 0.064 | — | 0.1 | 0.144 | — |
| LP, Sq, LC, KE: 4–5 × 8–10; 75% 1 RM | Mixed | >5 | 3h Travasol (Baxter Healthcare Corporation) (1–4 h PEx) | — | — | — | — | — | |||||
| Tipton, 1999 (52)5 | UT, 3 M, 3 W, 22 ± 2 y | [2H5]Phe | LP, Sq, LC, KE: 4–5 × 8–10; 75% 1 RM | N/A, AV-Bal | 45 min after Nutr (∼4–5 h) | 40 g mixed AAs | 4.4 | 1 L Total, given as 100 mL every 18–20 min | No | — | — | 93 | 10 |
| 40 g EAAs | 8.3 | (∼30 min PEx to ∼4 h PEx) | No | — | — | 80 | 30 | ||||||
| PLA | 0 | No | 53 | — | — | — | |||||||
| Rasmussen, (53)5 2000 | Rec, 3 M, 3 W, 34 ± 3 y | [2H5]Phe | LP, KE: 8–10 × 8; 80% 1 RM | N/A, AV-Bal | 1, 3 h | 1 h | 1.2 × 2 | (6 g EAAs, 35 g sucrose) or PLA 1 h or 3 h | No | — | — | 175 | 90 |
| 3 h | 1.2 × 2 | No | — | — | 160 | 75 | |||||||
| Borsheim, 2004 (54)5 | Rec, 5 M, 3 W, 29 y | [2H5]Phe | KE: 10 × 8; 80%1 RM | N/A, AV-Bal | −2, +4 h | EAAs+PRO+CHO | ∼2 | 77 g Malto, 18 WPC, 5 g AAs, 1 h PEx | No | — | — | ↑ at 1h | ↑ NB |
| CHO | 0 | 100 g Malto, 1 h PEx | No | — | — | ↔ | ↔ | ||||||
| Borsheim, 2002 (55)5 | Rec, 3 M, 3 F, 23 ± 2 y | [2H5]Phe | LP, KE: 8–10 × 8; 80% 1 RM | N/A, AV-Bal | Pre, 1, 2, and 3 h | EAAs, given 2× | 1.2 | EAAs | No | — | — | 310 | 225 |
| Louis, 2003 (56) | UT, 7 M, 21 ± 1 y | 1-[13C]Leu | Si-LC, Si-KE: 20 × 10; 75% MVC | Myo | 0–3 h | CHO+PRO | ? | 3 h orally fed CHO (0.3 g/kg), PRO (∼0.08 g/kg milk powder) | — | — | 0.057 | 0.164 | — |
| Cr+CHO+PRO | ? | ±7 g CrM every 20 min | — | — | 0.062 | 0.119 | — | ||||||
| Sarc | CHO+PRO | ? | — | — | 0.068 | 0.218 | — | ||||||
| Cr+CHO+PRO | ? | — | — | 0.07 | 0.22 | — | |||||||
| Miller, 2003 (57) | 6 M, 4 F, ? y | [2H5]Phe | LP, KE: 8–10 × 8; 80% 1 RM | N/A, AV-Bal | 1, 2, and 3 h | CHO | — | 35 g, 1 and 2 h PEx | — | — | — | ↔↕ | — |
| CHO+AAs | 0.54 | 35 + 6 g AAs, 1 and 2 h PEx | — | — | — | ↔↕ | — | ||||||
| AAs | 0.54 | 6 g AAs, 1 and 2 h PEx | — | — | — | ↔↕ | — | ||||||
| Tipton, 2004 (58), 2007 (59), 2009 (60) | UT, 9 M+W, 28 ± 2 y | None | KE: 10 × 8; 80% 1 RM | N/A | −1, 1, 2, 5 h | WP PEx | 2.3 | 20 g WP 1 h PEx, 300 mL | No | — | — | — | ↑ at 1 h |
| UT, 7 M+W, 24 ± 3 y | Casein | 1.7 | 20 g Casein, 1 h PEx, 300 mL | No | — | — | — | ↑ at 1 h | |||||
| UT, 7 M+W, 23 ± 1 y | PLA | 0 | Water, 1 h PEx, 300 mL | No | — | — | — | ↔, Neg | |||||
| UT, 8 M+W, 26 ± 3 y | WP Pre Ex | ∼1.5–2 | 20 g WP imed pre-Ex, 300 mL | No | — | — | — | ↑ at 1 h PEx | |||||
| UT, 5 M,3 F, 30 ± 3 y | PLA | 0 | Water, 1 h PEx, 300 mL | No | — | — | — | ↔, Neg | |||||
| UT, 6 M, 1 W, 25 ± 2 y | WP+Leu | 3.4 + 2 | 16.6 + 3.4g Leu, 1 h PEx, 300 mL | No | — | — | — | ↑ | |||||
| Moore, 2005 (61) | Rec, 8 M, 22 ± 1 y | 1,2-[13C]Leu | Ecc KE: 6 × 10; maximal | Myo | 1–4.5, 1–8.5 h | Ecc | >5 | Myoplex every 30 min, 0.1 g ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ h−1 | — | — | 0.07 | 0.11, 0.105 | — |
| Con | At rest: ∼36 g PRO, 320 kcal | — | — | — | 0.09, 0.115 | — | |||||||
| Col | Ecc | Exercise: ∼67 g PRO, 590 kcal | — | — | 0.015 | 0.06, 0.059 | — | ||||||
| Con | — | — | — | 0.06, 0.058 | — | ||||||||
| Koopman, 2005 (62) | UT, 8 M, 22 ± 1 y | [13C6]Phe | LP, KE: 8 × 8; 80% 1 RM | Mixed | 0–6 h P-In | CHO | 0 | 25g Malto and 25 g glucose | No | — | NM | 0.061 | — |
| CHO+PRO | 9 | 33 g WPH, 25 g Malto, 25 g glucose | No | — | — | 0.082 | — | ||||||
| CHO+PRO+Leu | 54 | 33 g WPH, 16.6 g Leu, 25 g Malto, and 25 g glucose | No | — | — | 0.095 | — | ||||||
| Cuthbertson, 2006 (63) | UT, 8 M, 25 ± 5 y | [13C] Leu | 12 min of steps | Myo | Rest, 0–3, 0–6, 0–24 h | Ecc | >5 | 2h prior to each Bx 45g EAAs + 135g CHO (sucrose) | — | — | 0.042 | 0.051, 0.133, 0.132 | — |
| [13C] Val | Myo | Con | to meet participants 24h energy needs | — | — | 0.048 | 0.048, 0.118, 0.139 | — | |||||
| Sarc | Ecc | — | — | 0.061 | 0.06, 0.146, 0.125 | — | |||||||
| Sarc | Con | — | — | — | 0.066, 0.14, 0.117 | — | |||||||
| Col | Ecc | — | — | 0.016 | 0.048, 0.051 | — | |||||||
| Col | Con | — | — | — | 0.032, 0.058 | — | |||||||
| Elliot 2006 (64) | UT, 3 M, 5 W, 26 ± 2 y | None | KE: 10 × 8; 80% 1 RM | N/A | −1, 1, 2, 5 h | FF milk | <1 | FF-milk (237 g), 8 g PRO, 12 g CHO, 0.6 g fat | — | — | — | — | ↑ at 1, 2 h |
| UT, 6 M, 2 W, 28 ± 3 y | Whole milk | <1 | Whole-milk (237g) 8g PRO, 11g CHO 8g Fat | — | — | — | — | ||||||
| UT, 7 M, 1 W, 24 ± 1 y | Isocaloric FF milk | ∼1–1.2 | Isocaloric FFM (393 g), 14.5 g PRO, 20 g CHO, 1g Fat | — | — | — | — | ||||||
| Koopman, 2006 (65) | UT, 8 M, 20 ± 1 y | [13C6], [2H2] Tyr | LP, KE: 6 × 10; 40–75% 1 RM | Mixed | 0–6 h P-In | CHO | 0 | 92 g Malto and 92 g glucose, 60 g WPH, ∼10 g Leu | No | — | — | 0.06 | — |
| UT, 8 M, 20 ± 1 y | CHO+PRO+LEU | ∼18 | ∼70 g WP | No | — | — | 0.082 | ↑ | |||||
| Tang, 2007 (66) | TR, 8 M, 21 ± 1 y | [2H5]Phe | Si-KE, Si-LP, 4 × 8–10; 80% 1 RM | Mixed | 1–3 h | WP+CHO | ∼1 | 10 g WPI + 21 g fructose, 227 mL, imed PEx | — | — | 0.061 | ∼0.12 | — |
| CHO | 0 | 10 g Malto + 21 g fructose, 227 mL, imed PEx | — | — | 0.049 | ∼0.08 | — | ||||||
| Wilkinson, 2007 (67) | TR, 8 M, 22 ± 1 y | 1-[13C]Leu, [2H5]Phe | LP, LC, Si-KE: 4 × 10; 80% 1 RM | Mixed | 0–3 h | Milk | ∼1.5 | Soy with Malto, 500 mL, 18.2 g PRO, 1.5 g fat, 23 g CHO | No | — | — | 0.100 | — |
| Soy milk | ∼1.8–2 | Milk with lactose 500 mL, 18.2 g PRO, 1.5 g fat, 23 g CHO | No | — | — | 0.070 | — | ||||||
| Beelen 2008 (68) | UT, 10 M, 20 ± 1 y | [13C6]Phe | 2 h RE with 4 × 5 min cycle; 65% Wmax | Mixed | 0–2 h | CHO | >5 | Specific dosing given at intervals, mix of CHO | — | — | — | During Ex, 0.06 | — |
| [2H2]Tyr | CHO+PRO | Specific dosing given at intervals, mix of CHO+CPH PRO | — | — | — | During Ex, 0.088 | WB ↑ | ||||||
| Beelen, 2008 (69) | UT, 20 M, 20 ± 1 y | [13C6]Phe | 2 h RE with 4 × 5 min cycle; 65% Wmax | Mixed | 0–2 h | 2 h PLA | None | Water only | — | — | — | — | — |
| [2H2]Tyr | 9 h PLA | — | 0.057 | — | — | — | |||||||
| 0–9 h | 2 h CP | >5 | Specific dosing given at intervals, mix of CHO+PRO | — | — | — | During Ex, 0.083 | — | |||||
| 9 h CP | Specific dosing given at intervals, mix of CHO+PRO | — | — | — | 0.056 | — | |||||||
| Dreyer, 2008 (70) | UT, 8 M, 27 ± 2 y | [2H5]Phe | KE: 10 × 10; 70% 1 RM | Mixed | 1–2 h PEx, 0–1 h P-In | Leu-EAAs+CHO | 7 | 20 g EAAs +35 g CHO | 0.062 | — | — | 0.165 | — |
| UT, 8 M, 30 ± 2 y | 1–2 h PEx | None | 0 | None | — | 0.09 | — | — | — | ||||
| Drummond, 2008 (71) | UT, 7 M, 30 ± 2 y | [2H5]Phe | KE: 8 × 10; 70% 1 RM | Mixed | 1–3, 3–6, 1–5 h | Young EAA | 7 | 20g EAA, 1h PEx | 0.04 | — | — | 0.11, 0.1, 0.11 | — |
| Fujita, 2009 (28) | UT, 7 M, 4 F, 27 ± 2 y | [2H5]Phe | KE: 10 × 10; 70% 1 RM | Mixed | Rest, Ex, 0–1, 1–2, 0–2 h PEx | Fast | Fasted | 0.06 | 0.08, 0.09, 0.073 | — | — | — | |
| UT, 6 M, 5 F, 25 ± 1 y | EAAs+CHO | 7 | ∼20 g EAAs,∼25 g sucrose | — | — | 0.12 | 0.12, 0.089, 0.098 | — | |||||
| Moore, 2009 (72)6 | Rec, 7 M, 26 ± 3 y | [13C6]Phe | LP, KE: 5 × 8–10 | Myo (Sarc) | 1–3, 3–5 h P-In | 25 g WP Ex | 3 | Bolus imed PEx | 0.025,(0.052) | — | — | 0.066, 0.07 (0.084, 0.077) | — |
| None–nonexercise leg | Myo (Sarc) | 25 g WP | — | — | 0.051, 0.049 (0.086, 0.074) | — | |||||||
| Moore, 2009 (30) | TR, 6 M, 29 ± 2 y | [13C]Leu | LP, KE, LC: 4 × 8–10 | Mixed | 1–4 h P-In | 0 | 0 | Bolus imed PEx | Only PEx | 0.053 | — | — | — |
| 5 g | 0.4 | — | — | 0.075 | — | ||||||||
| 10 g | 0.8 | — | — | 0.08 | — | ||||||||
| 20 g | 1.6 | — | — | 0.11 | — | ||||||||
| 40 g | 3.2 | — | — | 0.115 | — | ||||||||
| Tang, 2009 (73) | ST, 6 M, 23 ± 4 y | [13C6]Phe | Si-KE, Si-LP: 4 × 10–12 RM | Mixed | 3 h, single Bx | WP | 2.3 | WPH 21.4 g, bolus imed PEx | No | — | 0.091 | 0.15 | — |
| ST, 6 M, 23 ± 4 y | Casein | 1.8 | Micellular casein 21.4 g, bolus imed PEx | No | — | 0.047 | 0.072 | — | |||||
| ST, 6 M, 23 ± 4 y | Soy | 1.8 | Soy isolate 21.4 g, bolus imed PEx | No | — | 0.078 | 0.125 | — | |||||
| West, 2009 (74) | Rec, 8 M, 20 ± 1 y | [13C6]Phe | LH: bicep: 4 × 10; ∼95% 10 RM | Mixed | 4 h, single Bx | LH | ∼2.5–3 | 25 g WP PRO post-arm Ex | 0.06 | — | — | 0.08 | — |
| HH: above + LP: 5 × 10; ∼90% 10 RM; KE, KC: 3 × 12 | HH | 0.06 | — | — | 0.081 | — | |||||||
| Myo | LH | 0.04 | — | — | 0.071 | — | |||||||
| HH | 0.04 | — | — | 0.064 | — | ||||||||
| Burd, 2010 (75) | ST, 8 M, 24 ± 5 y | [13C6]Phe | Si-KE: 1 or 3 sets; 70% 1 RM to fatigue; rest leg control | Myo | Rest, 5 h fed, 24 h fast and 29 h fed | 1 set | ∼2–2.5 | 20 g WP | 0.03 | — | — | 0.065, 0.035 | — |
| 3 set | — | — | — | 0.078, 0.06 | — | ||||||||
| Burd, 2010 (76) | TR, 15 M, 21 ± 1 y | [13C6]Phe | KE: 4×, 90% 1 RM | Mixed | 4, 24 h | 90 Fail | ? | Ensure ∼15% of caloric needs | 0.048 | — | 0.049 | 0.16, 0.08 | — |
| KE: 4×, 30% 1 RM (30 WM to 90%) | 30 Fail | Breakfast, 2 h before arrival | 0.048 | — | — | 0.14, 0.095 | — | ||||||
| KE: 4×, 30% 1 RM | 30 WM | 0.047 | — | — | 0.085, 0.075 | — | |||||||
| KE: 4×, 90% 1 RM | Myo | 90 Fail | 0.047 | — | 0.025 | 0.08, 0.055 | — | ||||||
| KE: 4×, 30% 1 RM (30 WM to 90%) | 30 Fail | 0.046 | — | — | 0.095, 0.08 | — | |||||||
| KE: 4×, 30% 1 RM | 30 WM | 0.046 | — | — | 0.06, 0.05 | — | |||||||
| KE: 4×, 90% 1 RM | Sarc | 90 Fail | 0.025 | — | 0.05 | 0.085, 0.05 | — | ||||||
| KE: 4×, 30% 1 RM (30 WM to 90%) | 30 Fail | 0.025 | — | — | 0.075, 0.075 | — | |||||||
| KE: 4×, 30% 1 RM | 30 WM | 0.025 | — | — | 0.06, 0.06 | — | |||||||
| Holm, 2010 (35) | UT, 20 M, 25 ± 1 y | [13C]Leu | Si-KE: LL 17% 1 RM | Myo | Early (0.5–3 h), late (3–5 h) | LL | ? | Fed multinutrient supplement every 30 min or water | 0.08 | 0.115, 0.095 | 0.18 | 0.139,0.17 | — |
| Si-KE: HL 70% 1 RM | HL | — | 0.086, 0.14 | — | 0.15, 0.21 | — | |||||||
| Col | LL | 0.08 | 0.14, 0.188 | 0.06 | 0.1, 0.124 | — | |||||||
| HL | — | 0.163, 0.15 | — | 0.123, 0.126 | — | ||||||||
| Mikkelsen, 2010 (77) | TR, 8 M, 23 ± 1 y | 1-2[13C2]Leu | 200 Maximal Ecc KE each leg | Myo/Col | 24–28 h | PLA | ∼2 | 18–23 g PRO and 26–34 g CHO PEx | — | — | — | 0.11/0.06 | — |
| NSAIDs | — | — | — | 0.14/0.11 | — | ||||||||
| Pennings, 2011 (78) | Rec, 12 M, 21 ± 1 y | [13C6], [2H2]Tyr | Cycling: LP, KE: 6 × 10 | Mixed | 0–6 h P-In | Casein | 1.7 | 20 g Bolus of 250 mL | — | — | 0.061 | 0.072 | — |
| Symons, 2011 (79) | Rec, 3 M, 4 W, 29 ± 3 y | [13C6]Phe | KE: 6 × 8; ∼80% 1 RM | Mixed | Meal to 3 h PEx | Beef | ∼6 | 340 g Beef patty ingestion 1 h pre-Ex | 0.073 | — | — | 0.156 | — |
| West, 2011 (80) | Rec, 8 M, 22 ± 1 y | [13C6]Phe | KE: 8 × 8–10; 10 RM | Myo | 1, 3, 5 h | Bolus | 3.5 | Bolus 25 g WP imed PEx | 0.02 | — | — | 0.041, 0.06 | — |
| Pulse | 3.5 | Pulse: 10 × 2.5 g, every 20 min | — | — | — | 0.03, 0.045 | — | ||||||
| Reitelseder, 2011 (81) | Rec, 9 M, 28 ± 2 y | 1-[13C]Leu | Si-KE: 10 × 8; 80% 1 RM | Myo | 1–3.5, 3.5–6, 1–6 h | Casein | 1.53 | Casein, 17.5 g, bolus imed pre-Ex | ∼0.056 | — | — | 0.098, 0.105, 0.10 | — |
| Myo | WP | 2.06 | WPI, 17.5 g, bolus imed pre-Ex | — | — | — | 0.123, 0.098, 0.10 | — | |||||
| Rec, 8 M, 26 ± 2 y | Myo | PLA | N/A | N/A | — | 0.072, 0.075, 0.073 | — | — | — | ||||
| Burd, 2012 (82) | TR, 8 M, 24 ± 1 y | [13C6]Phe | Slow (6-s Con/Ecc) 1 leg | Myo, Mito, Sarc | 0–6, 24–30 h | Slow | ∼2–2.5 | 20 g WP | 0.021 | — | — | 0.024, 0.053 | — |
| Cntl (1-s Con/Ecc) other leg | Cntl | — | — | — | 0.026, 0.03 | — | |||||||
| Burke, 2012 (83) | TR, 12 M, 27 ± 1 y | [13C6]Phe | KE: 8 × 8–10; 10 RM | Mixed | 0–5 h | Bolus 25 g + 5 Leu | 8 | Before Ex (1 × 25-g dose) | — | — | — | 0.085 | — |
| Pulse 25 g + 5 Leu | 8 | Before Ex (15 × 2 g every 15 min) | — | — | — | 0.095 | — | ||||||
| PLA | — | — | — | — | 0.037 | — | |||||||
| Camera, 2012 (40) | TR, 8 M, 23 ± 3 y | [13C6]Phe | LP: 10 × 5; 55–80% 1 RM | Myo | 0–4 h | Normal glycogen | ∼2–2.5 | 20 g WP + 40 g maltodextrin | — | 0.045 | — | 0.07 | — |
| TR, 8 M, 23 ± 4 y | Glycogen-depleted leg | — | 0.049 | — | 0.068 | — | |||||||
| Churchward-Venne, 2012 (84) | Rec, 8 M, 22 ± 1 y | [13C6]Phe | Si-KE, Si-LP: 4 × 10; ∼95% 10 RM; none–nonexercise leg | Myo | 1–3, 3–5 h PEx | WP | 3 | 25 g WPI, bolus imed PEx | ∼0.03 | — | 0.061, ∼0.05 | 0.064, 0.088 | — |
| Rec, 8 M, 22 ± 1 y | Low WP+Leu | 3 | 6.25 g WPI, bolus imed PEx | — | — | 0.068, ∼0.049 | 0.068, 0.048 | — | |||||
| Rec, 8 M, 23 ± 1 y | Low WP+EAAs, no Leu | 0.75 | 6.25 g WPI, bolus imed PEx | — | — | 0.063, ∼0.050 | 0.069, 0.050 | — | |||||
| Gasier, 2012 (85) | Rec, 12 M, 22 y | D2O | 5× Fail; 85%1 RM | Mixed/Myo | 24 h (16 h PEx) | One leg Con, 1 leg Ex | ? | Normal day | — | — | 0.76/0.94 | 0.69/0.75 | — |
| Res, 2012 (42) | Rec, 8 M, 23 ± 1 y | [2H5]Phe | LP, KE: 8 × 8; ∼70% 1 RM | Mixed | 8 h sleep | PRO (40 g casein) | 3–4 | Bolus 450 mL, 2.5 h PEx | — | 0.048 | — | — | — |
| Rec, 7 M, 22 ± 1 y | PLA (water) | — | — | — | 0.059 | — | |||||||
| West, 2012 (86) | Rec, 8 M, 20 ± 1 y | [13C6]Phe | KE: 8 × 8–10; 10 RM | Myo | 1, 3, 5, 24–26 h | M: 25 g WP | 3.5 | 25 g WP, 12.8 g EAAs, 3.5 g Leu | 0.021 | — | — | 0.057, 0.071, 0.06 | — |
| Rec, 8 W, 22 ± 2 y | W: 25 g WP | 3.5 | 0.020 | — | — | 0.054, 0.068, 0.06 | — | ||||||
| Bechshoeft, 2013 (87) | Sed,10 M, 23 ± 5 y | 1-[13C]Leu | Si-KE:10 × 36; 16% 1 RM (10 sets of 3 min) | Myo | 30–630, 30–180, 180,330, 330–480, 480–630 | Ex or IM feeding | 7.1 | 65 g Oral PRO, initial WP then casein | — | — | 0.059, 0.052, 0.055, 0.041 | 0.064, 0.053, 0.057, 0.062 | — |
| Reidy, 2013 (88) | Rec, 8 M, 1 F, 25 ± 1 y | [13C6]Phe | KE: 8 × 10; 70% 1 RM | Mixed | 1, 3, 5 h | WP (17.5 g PRO) | 1.90 | Bolus of 300 mL 1 h PEx | 0.056 | — | — | 0.078, 0.074, 0.077 | — |
| Rec, 9 M, 1 F, 23 ± 1 y | Blend (19 g PRO) | 1.80 | 0.055 | — | — | 0.088, 0.087, 0.087 | — | ||||||
| Wilkinson, 2014 (89) | Rec, 8 M, 22 ± 4 y | D2O | Si-KE: 4 × 8; 80% 1 RM RET | Myo, Sarc, Col | 0–2, 2–4, 4–8 d | Exercise training leg (5 sessions + 20 g WP) | ∼2 | 20 g WPI, Muscletech | — | — | — | 0.082, 0.082, 0.075 | — |
| None | Cntl leg | 0.06, 0.06, 0.056 | — | — | — | — | |||||||
| Areta, 2014 (90) | ST, 8 M, 25 ± 2 y | [13C6]Phe | KE: 2,4 × 10; 80% 1 RM | Myo | 0, 1, 4, 6, 12 h | Bolus 40 g, 2 servings in 12 h | 3–4 | 2 Boluses of 500 mL | ∼0.03 | — | — | 0.055 | — |
| ST, 7 M, 25 ± 1 y | Med bolus 20 g, 4× servings in 12 h | ∼2 | 4 Boluses of 250 mL | — | — | — | 0.079 | — | |||||
| ST, 8 M, 25 ± 2 y | Pulse 10 g, 8 servings in 12 h | <1 | 8 Boluses of 125 mL | — | — | — | 0.057 | — | |||||
| Areta, 2014 (91) | TR, 8 M, 8 F, 27 ± 4 y | [13C6]Phe | KE: 8 × 8; 50–80% 1 RM | Myo | Rest, 0–4 h | Energy balance | — | 45 kcal ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ FFM−1 | 0.026 | — | — | — | — |
| Energy deficit–PLA | — | 30 kcal ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ FFM−1 – water | 0.019 | 0.024 | — | — | — | ||||||
| Energy deficit–15 g | ∼1.5 | 15 g WP – 500-mL bolus | — | — | — | 0.030 | — | ||||||
| Energy deficit– 30 g | ∼3 | 30 g WP – 500-mL bolus | — | — | — | 0.038 | — | ||||||
| Camera, 2015 (92) | TR, 8 M, 8 F, 19 ± 1 y | [13C6]Phe | KE: 8 × 5; 80% 1 RM and 30 min, 63% PPO | Myo | Rest, 0–4 h | PRO or PLA | ∼2.5–3 | 25 g WP or flavored water | 0.030 | 0.052 | — | 0.072 | — |
| Churchward-Venne, 2014 (93) | Rec, 8 M, 21 ± 1 y | [13C6]Phe | Si-KE: 8 × 10–12; ∼80% 1 RM; none–nonexercise leg | Myo | 0–1.5, 1.5–4.5 h PEx | 25 g WP | 3 | Bolus imed PEx | — | — | ∼0.05, 0.063 | ∼0.052, 0.065 | — |
| Rec, 8 M, 20 ± 1 y | 6.15 g WP+Gly+Ala | 0.75 | Bolus imed PEx | — | — | 0.063, 0.050 | 0.069, 0.050 | — | |||||
| Rec, 8 M, 21 ± 1 y | 6.15 g WP+low Leu+Gly+Ala | 3 | Bolus imed PEx | — | — | 0.052, 0.042 | 0.062, 0.038 | — | |||||
| Rec, 8 M, 20 ± 1 y | 6.15 g WP+high Leu+Gly+Ala | 5 | Bolus imed PEx | — | — | ∼0.057, 0.059 | ∼0.054, 0.063 | — | |||||
| Rec, 8 M, 21 ± 1 y | 6.15 g WP+BCAAs +Gly+Ala | 5 | Bolus imed PEx | — | — | 0.048, 0.052 | 0.057, 0.048 | — | |||||
| Mitchell, 2014 (94) | Rec, 23 M, 24 ± 1 y | [13C6]Phe | LP, KE, LC, CP: 4 × 8 | Myo | Rest, 1–3, 3–6, 1–6 | 30 g milk PRO | ∼3 | Milk PRO imed PEx and/or with breakfast | ∼0.033 | — | — | ∼0.06, 0.05 | — |
| Parr, 2014 (95) | TR, 8 M, 21 ± 5 y | [13C6]Phe | KE: 8 × 5; 80% 1 RM and 30 min, 63% PPO and 10 × 30 s, 110% PPO cycling | Myo | 2–8 h PEx | PRO (25 g WP 2×) | 1.4 | Bolus 500 mL imed and 4 h PEx | 0.025 | — | — | 0.052 | — |
| ALC-PRO,25 g WP 2× | 2.8 | — | — | — | 0.039 | — | |||||||
| Reitelseder, 2014 (96) | Rec, 8 M, 24 ± 2 y | 1-[13C]Leu | Si-KE: 10 × 8; 80% 1 RM | 1–3.5, 3.5–6 h | Casein | 1.53 | Casein, 17.5 g, bolus imed pre-Ex | — | — | — | ↔ | ↑90 min | |
| Rec, 6 M, 26 ± 3 y | WP | 2.06 | WPI, 17.5 g, bolus imed pre-Ex | — | — | — | ↑↔ | ||||||
| Rec, 7 M, 24 ± 2 y | PLA | N/A | N/A | — | ↔ | — | — | ↔ | |||||
| Rahbek, 2014 (97) | Rec, 24 M, 24 ± 1 y | [13C6]Phe | KE Con: 6 × 10; Max | Myo | 1–3 h, 3–5 h PEx | WP+CHO | ∼1.5–1.9 | Bolus 500 mL, ∼18 g PRO + ∼18 g CHO | No | — | — | 0.106, 0.106 | — |
| KE Ecc: 6 × 10; Max | — | — | 0.106, 0.09 | — | |||||||||
| KE Con: 6 × 10; Max | CHO | — | Bolus 500 mL, ∼36 g CHO | — | — | 0.08, 0.10 | — | ||||||
| KE Ecc: 6 × 10; Max | — | — | 0.095, 0.09 | — | |||||||||
| Reidy, 2014 (98) | Rec, 7 M, 1 W, 24 ± 1 y | [13C6]Phe | KE: 8 × 10; 70% 1 RM | Myo | 3, 5 h | WP; 17.3 g PRO | 1.90 | Bolus 300 mL, 1 h PEx | 0.041 | — | — | 0.093 | ↑ at 1 h |
| Rec, 7 M, 1 W, 22 ± 1 y | Blend; 20 g PRO | 1.90 | 0.035 | — | — | 0.081 | ↑ at 1 and 2 h | ||||||
| Witard, 2014 (44) | ST, 12 M, 22 ± 3 y | [13C6]Phe | Si-LP, Si-KE: 8 × 10; 80% 1 RM; 3 h after breakfast | Myo | 0–4 h PEx | 0 | — | None | 0.032 | 0.052 | — | — | — |
| ST, 12 M, 20 ± 1 y | 10 g WP | 0.67 | Bolus imed PEx | — | — | 0.04 | 0.059 | — | |||||
| ST, 12 M, 22 ± 3 y | 20 g WP | 1.34 | — | — | 0.05 | 0.069 | — | ||||||
| ST, 12 M, 20 ± 1 y | 40 g WP | 2.68 | — | — | 0.049 | 0.071 | — | ||||||
| Witard, 2014 (99) | Rec, 5 M, 3 F, 30 ± 3 y | [13C6]Phe | KE: 8 × 10; 80% 1 RM | None | 1, 2, 3, 7 h | EAAs+CHO/PLA | 2.7 | 50 g Sucrose + 15 g EAAs 1 h PEx | — | — | — | 0.11,0. 0.086 | — |
| CHO/EAAs | 50 g sucrose 1 h PEx + 15 g EAAs 2 h | — | — | — | 0.109, 0.089 | ↑ at 1 h | |||||||
| Effect of RET | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||
| Yarasheski, 1992 (100) | 9 M; 27 ± 1 y | 1-[13C]Leu | WB Ex: 4 × 4–8; 75–90% 1 RM | Mixed | 6 h | PLA+Ex | ? | 1/12 daily intake/30 min | — | — | 0.048 | 0.066 | — |
| 7 M; 27 ± 1 y | GH | — | — | 0.048 | 0.07 | — | |||||||
| Phillips, 2002 (101) | UT,11 M, 8 W, 24 ± 3 y | 2H5, 15N Phe | 8-wk WB, split-routine RET (1 h/d, 6 d/wk): acute Si-LP, Si-KE: 2–6 × 10; 80% pre-TR 1 RM | Mixed | 6–7 h | UT | ? | Fed IM 3847 ± 1029 kJ during infusion | — | — | ∼0.065 | ∼0.083 | ↔, ↑ PEx |
| TR | — | — | ∼0.082 | ∼0.1 | ↔ | ||||||||
| Tang, 2008 (102) | Rec, 10 M, 21 ± 2 y | 2H5 Phe, α-KIC | Si-KE: 6 × 10; 80% 1 RM; 8 wk RET | Mixed | 3 h rest, 4 h PEx, 3 h at 28 h | UT | ? | Specific intermittent dosing of Boost (Nestle) | — | — | 0.045 | 0.090, 0.074 | ↑ at 4 and 24 h |
| [13C6]Phe | TR | — | — | 0.048 | 0.123, 0.062 | ↑ at 4 h, not 24 h | |||||||
| Wilkinson, 2008 (103) | UT, 10 M, 21 ± 1 y | D3-α-KIC | KE: 5 × 10: 80% 1 RM; 10 wk RET | Myo/Mito | 4 h | UT | ? | Fed IM 1.1 g PRO/kg | — | — | 0.054, 0.080 | 0.12, 0.15 | — |
| TR | — | — | 0.08, 0.075 | 0.12, 0.052 | — | ||||||||
45 min 75%  O2max; 10 wk cycling |
UT | — | — | 0.051, 0.074 | 0.051, 0.18 | — | |||||||
| TR | — | — | 0.054, 0.072 | 0.075, 0.15 | — | ||||||||
| Brook, 2015 (104) | Rec, 10 M, 24 ± 1 y | D2O | Si-KE: 6 × 8; 75% 1 RM; 6 wk RET | Myo | 0–3, 3–6, 0–6 wk | TR | — | Assumed to be normal diet | 0.056 | 0–3 wk (0.067), 3–6 wk (0.054) | |||
| UT leg | UT | 0.056 | |||||||||||
| Lambert, 2015 (105) | 16 M, 40 ± 4 y; 9W, 38 ± 4 y | D2O | 11 wk training; acute: WB, 4 × 12; 50–60% 1 RM | Myo (UT/TR) | 0–24 h | RET | ? | 5 IM meals of Boost (Nestle): total ∼8037 kJ | — | — | — | 0.37, 0.43 | — |
| RET-Land TM | — | — | — | 0.44, 0.42 | — | ||||||||
| RET-Aquatic TM | — | — | — | 0.61, 0.52 | — | ||||||||
1
AA, amino acid; ALC, alcohol; AV-Bal, arterial-venous balance; Bx, biopsy; CHO, carbohydrate; Cntl, control; Col, collagen fraction; Con, concentric contractions; CP, carbohydrate and protein; D2O, deuterium; EAA, essential amino acid; Ecc, eccentric contractions; Ex, exercise; FF, fat-free; FFM, fat-free mass; FSR, fractional synthesis rate; GH, growth hormone; HH, high hormone; HL, high load; IM, intermittent; imed, immediate; INF, infusion, KE, knee extension; KIC, α-ketoisocaproate; LC, leg curls; LL, low load; LP, leg press; M, men; Malto, maltodextrin; Max, maximum; Mito, mitochondrial fraction; MPS, muscle protein synthesis; Myo, myofibrillar protein fraction; MVC, maximal voluntary contractions; N/A, not applicable; NB, net balance; Neg, negative; Net bal, net balance; NM, not mentioned; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; Nutr, nutrition; PEx, postexercise; P-In, postingestion; PLA, placebo; PPO, peak power output; PRO, protein; RE, resistance exercise; Rec, recreationally active; ref, reference; RET, resistance exercise training; RM, repetition maximum; Sarc, sarcoplasmic protein fraction; Sed, sedentary; Si, single leg; Sq, squats; ST, strength-trained; TM, treadmill; TR, trained; UT, Untrained; 
O2max, maximal oxygen uptake; W, women; WB, whole body; WP, whey protein; WPC, whey protein concentrate; WPH, whey protein hydrosolate; WPI, whey protein isolate; WM, work-matched; Wmax, watt max; ↔, no change; ↔↑, trend to increase; ↑, increase from basal values; ?, unknown.
2
Values for age are means ± SDs or SEMs (see corresponding reference).
3
Exercise column denotes the exercise (sets × repetitions), at exercise intensity as a percentage of 1 RM unless otherwise stated.
4
Multiple values in the PEx column indicate the various postexercise MPS assessments for the reference when they are reported. These time periods are described in the column “FSR Bx time PEx” for the respective reference.
5
The majority of values for MPS are reported as %/hour, but 2- and 3-pool arterial-venous method studies (52–55) presented data as nmol ⋅ min−1 ⋅ leg volume or mass−1, not as %/h.
6
Values in parentheses represent the sarcoplasmic protein fraction.