TABLE 5.
Summary of the acute and chronic effects of protein/AA supplementation with resistance exercise1
| Results and recommendations | |
| Acute (1 or a few exercise bouts with supplementation) | |
| mTORC1 signaling2 | ↑Akt, mTORC1, rpS6; ↑↑S6K1 |
| Muscle protein synthesis2 | ↑Mixed-muscle, myofibrillar, AV-balance methods |
| Optimal protein dose/serving | ∼20–30 g and >2 g leucine/dose |
| Optimal protein type | Any high-quality protein with >2 g leucine/dose |
| Chronic (exercise training with supplementation) | |
| Whole-body lean mass2 | ↑,↔ (some, inconsistent) |
| Regional lean mass | ↔, Rarely examined |
| Muscle CSA/thickness | ↔, Minimal to no effect |
| Strength | ↔, Minimal to no effect |
| Optimal daily protein intake | ≥0.8–1.0 g ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ d−1 |
| Optimal protein dose/serving | Same as acute, ∼0.25 g ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ d−1 |
| Optimal protein type | Same as acute, but may not be needed |
1
AA, amino acid; Akt, protein kinase B; AV-balance, arterial-venous balance; mTORC1, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1; rpS6, ribosomal protein S6; S6K1, p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1; ↔, no change; ↔↑, trend to have an effect; ↑, clear effect, ↑↑, very clear effect.
2
Effect of protein/AA supplementation.