Table 3.
Comparisons of impacts on depression, sleep, functional disorder, and HRV indices between control and feedback groups (mean ± SD)
| Items | Baseline | F or Z | P | Follow-up | F or Z | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control group (n = 11) | Feedback group (n = 13) | Control group (n = 11) | Feedback group (n = 13) | |||||
| HAMD | ||||||||
| Anxiety/somatization | 5.13 ± 1.81 | 6.18 ± 2.40 | 1.09 | 0.31 | 3.13 ± 2.03† | 2.55 ± 1.70* | 0.46 | 0.51 |
| Cognition impairment | 3.38 ± 2.33 | 3.27 ± 1.95 | 0.01 | 0.92 | 1.38 ± 0.92 | 0.82 ± 1.25* | 1.14 | 0.30 |
| Sleep disturbance | 4.88 ± 1.89 | 3.55 ± 2.42 | 1.67 | 0.21 | 4.38 ± 1.60 | 1.91 ± 2.07 | 7.88 | 0.01 |
| Total scores | 23.63 ± 8.28 | 25.73 ± 5.36 | 0.45 | 0.51 | 16.88 ± 5.84 | 11.45 ± 5.56* | 4.23 | 0.06 |
| Weight | 0.88 ± 0.84 | 0.91 ± 0.70 | −0.13‡ | 0.89 | 0.50 ± 0.76 | 0.18 ± 0.41† | −1.02‡ | 0.31 |
| Diurnal variation | 0.13 ± 0.35 | 0.27 ± 0.91 | −0.16‡ | 0.88 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.27 ± 0.65 | −1.24‡ | 0.22 |
| Block | 5.50 ± 2.73 | 6.27 ± 1.49 | −0.42‡ | 0.68 | 4.25 ± 1.58 | 2.55 ± 1.81* | −2.10‡ | 0.04 |
| Desperation | 4.00 ± 2.93 | 4.64 ± 1.69 | −0.38‡ | 0.71 | 3.25 ± 2.19 | 2.64 ± 1.03† | −0.68‡ | 0.50 |
| PSQI | ||||||||
| Sleep duration | 2.38 ± 0.92 | 1.82 ± 1.25 | 1.15 | 0.30 | 2.13 ± 1.36 | 1.09 ± 0.94 | 3.87 | 0.07 |
| Sleep efficiency | 1.38 ± 1.30 | 1.55 ± 1.29 | 0.08 | 0.78 | 1.00 ± 1.07 | 0.55 ± 0.82† | 1.11 | 0.31 |
| Global PSQI score | 13.38 ± 5.01 | 12.00 ± 6.66 | 0.24 | 0.63 | 12.13 ± 3.40 | 7.18 ± 3.82† | 8.49 | 0.01 |
| Subjective sleep quality | 2.38 ± 0.74 | 1.73 ± 1.01 | −1.43‡ | 0.15 | 1.88 ± 0.84 | 1.00 ± 0.63† | −2.47‡ | 0.01 |
| Sleep duration | 1.63 ± 1.30 | 1.64 ± 1.36 | −0.04‡ | 0.97 | 1.38 ± 1.41 | 0.45 ± 0.93† | −1.63‡ | 0.1 |
| Sleep disturbance | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 1.18 ± 0.60 | −0.93‡ | 0.35 | 1.13 ± 0.35 | 1.00 ± 0.45 | −0.65‡ | 0.52 |
| Daytime dysfunction | 2.38 ± 0.92 | 2.45 ± 0.69 | 0.00‡ | 1.00 | 2.63 ± 0.74 | 1.64 ± 0.81† | −2.35‡ | 0.02 |
| Assessment for functional disorder | ||||||||
| FMA | 24.75 ± 10.57 | 48.64 ± 30.36 | −1.82‡ | 0.07 | 32.38 ± 11.35* | 53.64 ± 30.22† | −1.49‡ | 0.14 |
| NIHSS | 10.25 ± 1.67 | 6.82 ± 5.08 | −1.08‡ | 0.28 | 8.00 ± 1.93* | 4.91 ± 4.11* | −1.37‡ | 0.17 |
| MBI | 36.25 ± 12.17 | 55.91 ± 23.86 | −1.78‡ | 0.08 | 51.25 ± 15.30* | 67.27 ± 19.67* | −1.62‡ | 0.11 |
| HRV indices | ||||||||
| HR (beats/min) | 78.87 ± 12.60 | 80.20 ± 9.46 | 0.07 | 0.80 | 74.65 ± 15.30 | 79.97 ± 14.28 | 0.61 | 0.45 |
| SDNN (ms) | 35.15 ± 35.50 | 36.19 ± 24.15 | −0.50 | 0.62 | 18.22 ± 11.27 | 44.62 ± 32.23 | −2.23 | 0.03* |
| LF (ms) | 77.69 ± 147.72 | 62.18 ± 114.91 | −0.50‡ | 0.62 | 16.36 ± 25.63 | 273.93 ± 462.78† | −2.97‡ | 0.00 |
| HF (ms) | 190.56 ± 405.96 | 71.31 ± 84.77 | −0.58‡ | 0.56 | 23.95 ± 39.93 | 98.80 ± 218.17 | −1.32‡ | 0.19 |
| LF/HF | 0.82 ± 0.62 | 0.97 ± 0.70 | −0.79‡ | 0.43 | 2.01 ± 2.19 | 8.52 ± 16.66† | −1.32‡ | 0.19 |
*P<0.01, comparison of the feedback group before and after treatment; †P<0.05, comparison of the feedback group before and after treatment; ‡Z values. SDNN: Standard deviation of normal RR intervals; SD: Standard deviation; HRV: Heart rate variability; HAMD: Hamilton Depression Scale; PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; FMA: Fugl-Meyer Motor Assessment; NIHSS: National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; MBI: Modified Barthel Index; LF: Low frequency; HF: High frequency; HR: Heart rate.