Table 2. Enrichment of genes mapped by CpGs in two large AUD-associated modules in GWAS-identified disease-associated genes.
Mturquoise (n = 640)a | Mblue (n = 284)a | Mturquoise (n = 451)b | Mblue (n = 191)b | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NES | nc | FDR q-val | NES | nc | FDR q-val | NES | nc | FDR q-val | NES | nc | FDR q-val | |
AD (AA) | 1.49 | 297 | 0.006 | 1.25 | 158 | 0.027 | 1.47 | 213 | 0.013 | 1.07 | 69 | 0.287 |
CD (AA) | 1.49 | 325 | 0.002 | 1.46 | 114 | 0.002 | 1.50 | 193 | 0.008 | 1.40 | 60 | 0.013 |
OD (AA) | 1.47 | 330 | 0.003 | 1.50 | 113 | 0.006 | 1.43 | 164 | 0.013 | 1.46 | 78 | 0.016 |
ND (AA) | 1.42 | 330 | 0.010 | 1.37 | 146 | 0.006 | 1.43 | 243 | 0.017 | 1.27 | 100 | 0.034 |
AD (EA) | 1.45 | 328 | 0.005 | 1.48 | 111 | 0.005 | 1.39 | 196 | 0.014 | 1.50 | 77 | 0.008 |
CD (EA) | 1.45 | 278 | 0.005 | 1.48 | 92 | 0.005 | 1.36 | 194 | 0.038 | 1.34 | 61 | 0.024 |
OD (EA) | 1.34 | 276 | 0.006 | 1.48 | 110 | 0.014 | 1.40 | 183 | 0.008 | 1.43 | 73 | 0.008 |
ND (EA) | 1.36 | 249 | 0.013 | 1.43 | 112 | 0.009 | 1.34 | 178 | 0.028 | 1.44 | 60 | 0.019 |
ADHD | 1.37 | 363 | 0.006 | 1.45 | 116 | 0.006 | 1.39 | 154 | 0.016 | 1.42 | 80 | 0.014 |
ASD | 1.33 | 305 | 0.011 | 1.40 | 116 | 0.008 | 1.33 | 255 | 0.036 | 1.31 | 55 | 0.038 |
BPD | 1.41 | 292 | 0.006 | 1.43 | 135 | 0.010 | 1.40 | 213 | 0.025 | 1.39 | 58 | 0.018 |
MDD | 1.43 | 326 | 0.003 | 1.66 | 115 | <0.001 | 1.39 | 239 | 0.014 | 1.56 | 76 | 0.005 |
SCZ | 1.29 | 233 | 0.014 | 1.56 | 112 | 0.003 | 1.34 | 145 | 0.020 | 1.51 | 73 | 0.007 |
AD, alcohol dependence; CD, cocaine dependence; OD, opioid dependence; ND, nicotine dependence.
ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; ASD, autism spectrum disorders; BPD, bipolar disorder; MDD, major depressive disorder; SCZ, schizophrenia.
AA, African American. EA, European American.
GWAS, genome-wide associated study; NES, normalized enrichment score; FDR q value, false discovery rate (FDR) statistic.
Subjects for studying five psychiatric disorders (ADHD, ASD, BPD, MDD, and SCZ) were reported of European ancestry, as described by the Psychiatric GWAS Consortium (PGC) (http://www.med.unc.edu/pgc/results).
aGene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed using GWAS-identified disease-associated genes for four substance dependence traits (AD, CD, OD, or ND) or five psychiatric disorders (ADHD, ASD, BPD, MDD, or SCZ).
bGene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed using GWAS-identified disease-associated genes for four substance dependence traits (AD, CD, OD, or ND) or five psychiatric disorders (ADHD, ASD, BPD, MDD, or SCZ) and these genes were found to be expressed in human prefrontal cortex (PFC) in our previous study35.
cNumber of leading genes when NES reached maximum in the enrichment analysis.