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. 2016 Jan 21;6:18744. doi: 10.1038/srep18744

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Learning and memory ability were tested using the Morris water maze on PND 28, PND 56 and PND 98. The rats exposed to retrograde Bach music exhibited a slower learning curve than the other two groups. Additionally, the time spent searching the target quadrant was significantly shorter in the retrograde Bach music group rats than in the other groups at PND 56 and PND 98. *indicates the Bach group vs the retrograde Bach group (P < 0.05), ^★ indicates the retrograde Bach group vs the control group. *and ^★ represent P < 0.05; **represent P < 0.01. N = 15 per group.