Figure 2. Demographic history of Gayal (Bos frontalis), JBC and RAN (Bos taurus).

Autosomal SNPs of gayal were used to reconstruct demographic history with the pairwise sequentially Markovian coalescent (PSMC) model with the generation time (g = 5), mutation rates (μ = 1 × 10⁻⁸). As is showed above, both of B. frontalis (Gayal) and B. taurus (RAN and JBC) have undergone two population expansions and two population bottlenecks, and gayal could be clearly distinguished from RAN and JBC, which strongly supported that gayal was not a Bos taurus.