Table 2. Variables used in dimensional analysis in the MLTθ system.

Variable	Dimension
Volumetric thermal expansion coefficient, β	θ−1
Temperature gradient, ΔT = TP−TS, where TP and TS refer respectively to peak and surrounding temperature	θ
Deposition layer thickness, h	L
Thermal diffusivity, , where k, ρ and CP are thermal conductivity, density and specific heat, respectively of deposit material	L2T−1
Heat input per unit length, , where η, P, and v refer to absorption coefficient, beam power and scanning speed, respectively	MLT−2
Melt pool volume, V	L3
Flexural rigidity of the substrate plate, EI, where E and I refer respectively to elastic modulus and second moment of inertia	ML3T−2
Thermal strain parameter, ε*	M0L0T0θ0