Table 1.

Published studies with iPS cell transplantation in SCI animal models (presented in chronological order of publication).

Reference	SCI species	SCI model	Immunology	iPS cell transplant			Results
				Donor	Time of transplant post-SCI	Transplanted cell type
Tsuji et al., 2010 [33]	Mouse	Thoracic contusion	NOD-SCID mouse	Mouse	9 days	Neurospheres	Survival: 42 days post-injury Differentiation: Hu+ neurons, GFAP+ astrocytes, FSGT+ oligodendrocytes Migration: 4mm rostral and caudal Function: motor recovery Histology: increased myelination; increased serotoninergic distal fibers; expression of NT-3 and BDNF; no tumorigenesis
Hayashi et al., 2011 [54]	Rat	Thoracic contusion	Cyclosporine immune suppression	Mouse	3 days or 7 days	Astrocytes	Survival: 8 weeks post-injury Differentiation: GFAP-astrocytes Migration: None Function: no motor recovery; hyperalgesia Histology: axonal regrowth; tissue sparing; no differences from controls: no tumorigenesis
Nori et al., 2011 [36]	Mouse	Thoracic contusion	NOD-SCID mouse	Human	9 days	Neurospheres	Survival: 112 days post injury Differentiation: NeuN+ and βIIItubulin+ neurons; GFAP+ astrocytes; APC+ oligodendrocytes Migration: yes Function: motor and electrophysiological recovery Histology: tissue sparing; axonal regrowth; decreased demyelination; expression of NGF, BDNF and HGF; no tumorigenesis
Fujimoto et al., 2012 [51]	Mouse	Thoracic contusion	NOD-SCID mouse	Human	7 days	Neuroepithelial-like stem cells (NES)	Survival: 8 weeks post-injury Differentiation: Tuj1+ neurons; GFAP+ astrocytes; MBP+ and APC+ oligodendrocytes Migration: yes Function: motor recovery Histology: no CST neurons in the lesion; neuronal recovery by bridging
Kobayashi et al., 2012 [53]	Marmoset	Cervical contusion	Cyclosporine immune suppression	Human	9 days	Neurospheres	Survival: 112 days post-injury Differentiation: NeuN+ neurons, GFAP+ astrocytes; Olig1+ oligodendrocytes Migration: yes Function: motor recovery Histology: axonal regrowth; prevention of demyelination; expression of NT3, NT4, CNTF, VEGF and PECAM; no tumorigenesis
Nutt et al., 2013 [60]	Rat	Cervical contusion	Cyclosporine immune suppression	Human	4 weeks	Caudalized NPCs	Survival: 12 weeks post-injury Differentiation: Tuj1+ neurons; GFAP+ astrocytes Function: no motor recovery; allodynia Histology: lesion with cavitation, myelin loss and gliosis; bridging with host neurons; no tumorigenesis
Lu et al., 2014 [55]	Rat	Cervical hemi-section	Athymic nude rat	Human	2 weeks	NSCs	Survival: 3 months Differentiation: NeuN+ neurons; GFAP+ astrocytes Migration: cell distribution over 3 segments; axon extension across large extenxt of neuraxis Function: motor recovery Histology: synaptic connection to host neurons; presence of collagen rifts between rostral and caudal; no tumorigenesis
Haidet-Phillips et al., 2014 [58]	Rat	No injury	Cyclosporine immune suppression	Human	Not applicable	Astrocyte progenitors	Survival: 12 weeks Differentiation: GFAP+ astrocytes Migration: within 1mm Histology: no tumorigenesis
Sareen et al., 2014 [59]	Rat	No injury	Athymic nude rat	Human	Not applicable	NPCs	Survival: 3 weeks Migration: not assessed Histology: no tumorigenesis
Romanyuk et al., 2014 [52]	Rat	Thoracic contusion	Cyclosporine, Azathioprine and Methylprednisolone immune suppression	Human	1 week	NPCs	Survival: 17 weeks Differentiation: neurons and astrocytes Migration: yes Function: motor recovery; no allodynia Histology: white matter sparing; expression of NGF, FGF8 and GDNF; no tumorigenesis
Pomeshchik et al., 2014 [57]	Mouse	Thoracic contusion	Tacrolimus immune suppression	Human	7 days	NPCs	Survival: low Differentiation: no Migration: yes Function: no motor recovery Histology: no differences in lesion size; accumulation of activated microglia surrounding grafts; no tumorigenesis