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. 2016 Jan 25;11(1):e0147385. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147385

Table 2. Univariate and multivariate predictors of emergency medical service (EMS) use among patients with acute STEMI.

Predictors Univariate Crude OR (95% CI) p-value Multivariate Adjusted OR (95% CI) p-value
Age (1-year increase) 1.00 (0.99–1.01) 0.93
Gender
Female 0.88 (0.67–1.17) 0.39
Male Reference
Education
Primary School/Secondary School 1.34 (1.08–1.66) 0.01 1.83 (1.37–2.46) < .001
Diploma/ University/ Master /PhD 1.74 (1.36–2.24) < .001 1.42 (1.14–1.77) 0.002
Illiterate Reference
Citizenship
Gulf 0.99 (0.83–1.17) 0.87
Non-Gulf Reference
Ethnicity
Arab 0.76 (0.59–0.96) 0.023 0.94 (0.71–1.23) 0.63
South Asian 0.70 (0.55–0.88) 0.003 0.73 (0.56–0.94) 0.02
Other Reference
Average household monthly income
< $1000 1.19 (0.85–1.64) 0.308 1.64 (1.12–2.41) 0.01
$1000–$5000 1.45 (1.04–2.02) 0.031 1.62 (1.15–2.28) 0.01
> $5000 Reference
Type of STEMI
Anterior 0.87 (0.62–1.21) 0.41
Inferior 0.78 (0.55–1.09) 0.14
other Reference
Diabetes mellitus 0.83 (0.71–0.99) 0.04
Hypertension 0.89 (0.75–1.05) 0.18
History of MI 0.56 (0.39–0.81) 0.002
History of angina 0.46 (0.33–0.63) < .001 0.51 (0.36–0.71) < .001
History of PCI 0.49 (0.32–0.74) < .001 0.62 (0.40–0.96) 0.03

STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention