Table 2. Sociodemographic and sexual risk factors associated with ever being HIV-tested among female respondents, ZDHS 2010–11.
| Background characteristics | N | % | OR (95% CI); p-value | AOR (95% CI); p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | ||||
| 15–19 | 1,553 | 28.2 | reference | reference |
| 20–24 | 1,463 | 70.4 | 6.04 (5.05–7.23); <0.001 | 1.82 (1.47–2.24); <0.001 |
| 25–29 | 1,354 | 78.9 | 9.49 (7.88–11.44); <0.001 | 2.01 (1.63–2.48); <0.001 |
| 30–34 | 1,010 | 73.1 | 6.90 (5.72–8.33); <0.001 | 1.53 (1.22–1.92); <0.001 |
| 35–39 | 843 | 67.7 | 5.33 (4.39–6.48); <0.001 | 1.37 (1.07–1.74); 0.011 |
| 40–44 | 589 | 60.8 | 3.95 (3.17–4.91); <0.001 | 1.25 (0.97–1.61); 0.084 |
| 45–49 | 501 | 50.6 | 2.61 (2.08–3.27); <0.001 | 1.23 (0.93–1.62); 0.141 |
| 50–54 | - | - | - | - |
| Education level‡ | ||||
| primary or less | 2,324 | 55.8 | reference | reference |
| Secondary | 4,688 | 62.8 | 1.34 (1.19–1.51); <0.001 | 1.69 (1.45–1.97); <0.001 |
| Higher | 301 | 70.9 | 1.93 (1.45–2.56); <0.001 | 2.21 (1.54–3.16); <0.001 |
| Wealth index | ||||
| Poorest | 1,375 | 57.5 | reference | reference |
| Poorer | 1,411 | 59.0 | 1.06 (0.9–1.26); 0.475 | 1.13 (0.94–1.36); 0.198 |
| Middle | 1,456 | 63.2 | 1.26 (1.05–1.52); 0.013 | 1.46 (1.17–1.84); 0.001 |
| Richer | 1,527 | 65.3 | 1.39 (1.15–1.68); 0.001 | 1.54 (1.19–1.99); 0.001 |
| Richest | 1,544 | 59.3 | 1.07 (0.89–1.29); 0.449 | 1.49 (1.14–1.95); 0.003 |
| Residence | ||||
| Urban | 2,297 | 62.1 | reference | reference |
| Rural | 5,016 | 60.4 | 0.93 (0.82–1.06); 0.292 | - |
| Province | ||||
| Manicaland | 1,005 | 62.6 | reference | reference |
| Mashonaland Central | 767 | 62.9 | 1.01 (0.74–1.39); 0.928 | 1.00 (0.68–1.46); 0.987 |
| Mashonaland East | 740 | 60.1 | 0.90 (0.66–1.23); 0.512 | 0.77 (0.55–1.09); 0.146 |
| Mashonaland West | 863 | 61.7 | 0.96 (0.68–1.37); 0.832 | 0.90 (0.60–1.36); 0.618 |
| Matabeleland North | 353 | 63.3 | 1.03 (0.74–1.44); 0.862 | 1.31 (0.86–2.01); 0.210 |
| Matabeleland South | 407 | 64.2 | 1.07 (0.82–1.40); 0.622 | 1.29 (0.91–1.82); 0.152 |
| Midlands | 939 | 53.6 | 0.69 (0.51–0.93); 0.016 | 0.60 (0.43–0.86); 0.005 |
| Masvingo | 757 | 60.1 | 0.90 (0.67–1.21); 0.492 | 0.86 (0.60–1.22); 0.387 |
| Harare | 1,122 | 62 | 0.98 (0.74–1.29); 0.872 | 0.95 (0.69–1.30); 0.733 |
| Bulawayo | 360 | 63.3 | 1.03 (0.76–1.40); 0.837 | 1.09 (0.76–1.56); 0.635 |
| Religion | ||||
| Christians | 3,917 | 60.2 | reference | Reference |
| Apostolic sect | 2,843 | 62.2 | 1.09 (0.97–1.22); 0.169 | 0.98 (0.84–1.14); 0.783 |
| Other religions/none* | 553 | 59.5 | 0.97 (0.80–1.18); 0.746 | 0.74 (0.60–0.91); 0.005 |
| Union status | ||||
| never in union | 1,695 | 27.8 | reference | Reference |
| currently in union | 4,569 | 70.8 | 6.30 (5.46–7.28); <0.001 | 1.64 (1.27–2.13); <0.001 |
| formerly in union | 1,049 | 71.5 | 6.53 (5.43–7.86); <0.001 | 2.03 (1.52–2.72); <0.001 |
| ANC visit | ||||
| no visit | 290 | 46.7 | reference | Reference |
| yes: visited | 3,323 | 82.1 | 5.23 (3.93–6.95); <0.001 | 5.48 (4.08–7.36); <0.001 |
| no birth in last 5yrs | 3,700 | 43.0 | 0.86 (0.66–1.12); 0.262 | 1.44 (1.10–1.89); 0.009 |
| Age at first sex | ||||
| never had sex | 1,269 | 16.1 | reference | Reference |
| <16 yrs | 977 | 64.4 | 9.46 (7.57–11.84); <0.001 | - |
| 16–17yrs | 1,737 | 68.8 | 11.5 (9.38–14.11); <0.001 | - |
| 18–19 | 1,615 | 73.3 | 14.36 (11.84–17.41); <0.001 | - |
| 20+ | 1,652 | 73.3 | 14.35 (11.65–17.68); <0.001 | - |
| don't know | 63 | 52.5 | 5.78 (3.45–9.68); <0.001 | - |
| No. of lifetime sexual partners among those that ever had sex | ||||
| 1 | 3,867 | 69.1 | reference | reference |
| 2 | 1,345 | 70.7 | 1.08 (0.93–1.25); <0.311 | 1.04 (0.89–1.22); 0.629 |
| 3–4 | 609 | 75.1 | 1.35 (1.09–1.62); 0.006 | 1.35 (1.06–1.73); 0.017 |
| ≥5 | 223 | 77.4 | 1.53 (1.09–2.17); 0.016 | 1.48 (1.03–2.15); 0.036 |
| Consistent condom use in the past last 12 months among those that ever had sex | ||||
| No | 482 | 79 | reference | reference |
| Yes | 4504 | 70.2 | 0.63 (0.49–0.80); <0.001 | 0.55 (0.41–0.73); <0.001 |
| Had an STI in the past 12 months† | ||||
| No | 7089 | 60.4 | reference | reference |
| Yes | 224 | 77.9 | 2.31 (1.64–3.27); <0.001 | 1.37 (0.96–1.94); 0.081 |
| HIV status | ||||
| HIV-negative | 6,018 | 58.2 | reference | reference |
| HIV-positive | 1,295 | 73.6 | 2.00 (1.75–2.30); <0.001 | 1.42 (1.20–1.69); <0.001 |
| Comprehensive knowledge of HIV | ||||
| No | 3,204 | 53.6 | reference | reference |
| Yes | 4,109 | 66.6 | 1.73 (1.56–1.92); <0.001 | 1.44 (1.28–1.63); <0.001 |
| Comprehensive accepting attitudes towards HIV | ||||
| No | 4,501 | 57.8 | reference | reference |
| Yes | 2,812 | 65.9 | 1.41 (1.25–1.59); <0.001 | 1.24 (1.08–1.42); 0.002 |
| Total | 7,313 | 60.9 |
ANC = ante-natal care; HIV = human immunodeficiency virus; ZDHS = Zimbabwe Demographic Health Survey; STI = sexually transmitted infections
‡ Only 2.4% of all women have no education hence "no education" and "primary education " have been combined
* "other religion" refers to traditional religion, Muslims and other minority religions
† <1% of those classified as "not having an STI in the last 6 months" reported being unsure of having an STI in the last 12 months
NB: Separate multivariate models have been generated to obtain adjusted odds ratios for the variables “consistent condom use in the past 12 months” and “number of lifetime sexual partners” since these variables are made up of a subset of sexually active individuals.