Figure 1.

Time and fitness comparison diagram of the experiment on Barbarea vulgaris and Barbarea stricta. Enforced ramets were established from mother plants in three ontogenetic stages. Parallel sowings were done at the same time as fragmentations of mother plants, to simulate regeneration from the seed bank after disturbance. FRG, enforced ramets; S, seed bank—parallel sowing; R1, seeds sowed or roots of mother plant fragmented in first-year rosette phase; R2, seeds sowed or roots of mother plant fragmented in second-year rosette phase; REP, seeds sowed or roots of mother plant fragmented in reproductive phase. NO INJURY, control unfragmented plants. Full descriptions of regeneration types and ontogenetic stages (and their abbreviations) are in Table 1.