Table 1.
Study | Challenges | Control/healthy group | Patient group | Technical |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gozal et al., 1995b | Inspiratory loading | N = 11 | n/a | fMRI |
Age 27–48 years | ||||
Gozal et al., 1996 | Expiratory loading | N = 11 | n/a | fMRI |
1 female, 10 male | ||||
Age 28–46 years | ||||
Harper et al., 1998 | Expiratory loading; forehead cold pressor; hand cold pressor | N = 11 | n/a | fMRI |
Age 22–55 years | ||||
King et al., 1999 | Hand grip, maximal inspiratory breath hold, Valsalva | N = 5 male | n/a | fMRI |
Age 19–46 years | ||||
Nowak et al., 1999 | Hand grip | N = 8 | n/a | CBF with PET |
4 female, 4 male | ||||
Age 26 [23–30] years | ||||
Critchley et al., 2000 | Hand grip | N = 6 male | n/a | CBF with PET |
Age 31 ± 3 years | ||||
Harper et al., 2000 | Forehead cold pressor, hand cold pressor, expiratory loading | N = 11 | n/a | fMRI |
3 female, 8 male | ||||
Age 22–37 years | ||||
Henderson et al., 2002 | Valsalva | N = 12 | n/a | fMRI |
1 female, 11 male | ||||
Age 47 ± 10 [30–58] years | ||||
Henderson et al., 2003 | Valsalva | N = 15, male | OSA N = 8, male | fMRI |
Age 45 ± 12 [30–58] years | Age 45 ± 11 [31–63] years | |||
Harper et al., 2003 | Forehead cold pressor | N = 16, male | OSA N = 10, male | fMRI |
Age 46 ± 12 [28–64] years | Age 47 ± 10 [30–60] years | |||
Macey et al., 2003b | Expiratory loading | N = 16, male | OSA N = 9, male | fMRI |
Age 46 ± 11 [29–63] years | Age 45 ± 12 [28–64] years | |||
Macey et al., 2004a | Expiratory loading | N = 14 children | CCHS N = 13 children | fMRI |
7 female, 7 male | 6 female, 7 male | |||
Age 10.9 ± 2.2 [8–15] years | Age 10.9 ± 2.3 [8–15] years | |||
Topolovec et al., 2004 | Hand grip, maximal inspiration, Valsalva | N = 8 | n/a | fMRI |
3 female, 5 male | ||||
Age 22–28 years | ||||
Kimmerly et al., 2005 | Lower body negative pressure | N = 8 male | n/a | fMRI |
Age 24 ± 2 years | ||||
Macey et al., 2005a | Forehead cold pressor | N = 14 children | CCHS N = 14 children | fMRI |
7 female, 7 male | 6 female, 7 male | |||
Age 11.0 ± 2.2 [8–15] years | Age 10.9 ± 2.3 [8–15] years | |||
Macey et al., 2005b | Forehead cold pressor | N = 16 male | HF N = 6, male | fMRI |
Age 48 ± 11 years | Age 49 ± 12 years | |||
Macey et al., 2006 | Inspiratory loading | N = 11 male | OSA N = 7 male | fMRI |
Age 47 ± 4 years | Age 46 ± 5 years | |||
Kimmerly et al., 2007 | Lower body negative pressure | N = 16 | n/a | fMRI |
8 female, 8 male | ||||
Age 22–24 ± 4 years | ||||
Wong et al., 2007a | Hand grip | N = 17 | n/a | fMRI |
9 female, 8 male | ||||
Age 24–25 ± 4 years | ||||
Wong et al., 2007b | Hand grip | N = 17 | n/a | fMRI |
9 female, 8 male | ||||
Age 25 ± 4 years | ||||
Serber et al., 2007 | Valsalva | N = 14 male | HF N = 5 | fMRI |
Age 47 ± 11 years | 2 female, 3 male | |||
Age 50 ± 10 years | ||||
Napadow et al., 2008 | Hand grip | N = 7 | n/a | fMRI with ECG gating |
3 female, 4 male | ||||
Age 21–33 years | ||||
Goswami et al., 2011 | Hand grip, muscle stimulation | N = 12 | n/a | fMRI |
8 female, 4 male | ||||
Age 25 ± 3 years | ||||
Goswami et al., 2012 | Lower body negative pressure | N = 15 | n/a | fMRI |
6 female, 9 male | ||||
Age 25 ± 3 [18–31] years | ||||
Macey et al., 2012 | Foot cold pressor, hand grip, Valsalva | N = 57 | n/a | fMRI |
20 female, 37 male | ||||
Age 47.3 ± 8.8 years | ||||
Ogren et al., 2012 | Valsalva | N = 33 | HF N = 16 | fMRI |
10 female, 23 male | 5 female, 11 male | |||
Age 52.3 ± 7.7 years | Age 54.4 ± 8.1 years | |||
Kimmerly et al., 2013 | End-expiratory breath hold, Mueller maneuver | N = 16 | n/a | fMRI |
9 female, 7 male | ||||
Age 35 ± 14 [20–65] years | ||||
Norton et al., 2013 | Hand grip | N = 29 (“responders”) | N = 15 (“non-responders”) | fMRI |
11 female, 20 male | 7 female, 8 male | |||
Age 48 ± 19 years | Age 56 ± 19 years | |||
Richardson et al., 2013 | Cold pressor | N = 24 adolescents | n/a | fMRI |
11 female, 13 male | ||||
Age 15.5 ± 2.0 [11–18] years | ||||
Macey et al., 2014 | Foot cold pressor, hand grip, Valsalva | N = 57 | OSA N = 37 | Global BOLD |
20 female, 37 male | 6 female, 31 male | |||
Age 47.3 ± 8.8 years | Age 53.9 ± 8.4 years | |||
Bohr et al., 2015 | Valsalva | N = 45 elderly | n/a | T2* fMRI |
24 female, 21 male | ||||
Age median 80 [75–89] years | ||||
Norton et al., 2015 | Hand grip | N = 23 | N = 17 coronary artery disease | fMRI |
8 female, 15 male | ||||
4 female, 13 male | ||||
Age 63 ± 11 years | Age 59 ± 9 years | |||
Wu et al., 2015 | End-expiratory and end-inspiratory breath hold, Valsalva | N = 9 | n/a | fMRI |
4 female, 5 male | ||||
Age 29 ± 8 years |
Relevant challenges are noted. Ages are mean ± sd [range] where available. “fMRI” refers to BOLD fMRI.